Vol. 4. No. 2. March, 2012


PART A  /   APPLIED AND NATURAL SCIENCES

1. Manuel Alberto M. Ferreira, Marina Andrade
Separation of a vector space convex parts

Abstract: In this work a very important theorem about the separation of a vector space convex parts, consequence of the Hahn-Banach Theorem, is presented. After a detailed study of the Hahn- Banach Theorem, in both its forms: real and complex, an important result, a separation theorem, consequence of it is presented. In fact it is determinant for important results in Optimization and Convex Programming, see for instance, that are among the most important mathematical tools used in Management and Economics.

Keywords: Hahn-Banach Theorem, separation, convex sets, convex functionals

Pages: 6-9

2. Neslihan Dalkılıç
The Architectural Analysis of Traditional Houses of Midyat- Mardin, Turkey

Abstract: The historic city centre of Midyat (town of Mardin), in southeastern Turkey, is recognized for its architectural and cultural richness. Midyat is a very important location, with its monumental constructions and traditional houses, in an aesthetic, historical and architectural point of view. Scopes of this study, the architectural features of traditional houses of Midyat were examined. The location and settlement features, plan and façade features, structural system and materials, technical services, structural and architectural elements of the houses are analyzed and obtained results are given in the article. The results of the study reveal that the design of traditional Midyat houses successfully incorporated geographic structure, (location, climate conditions, geological situation and material), historical origin, cultural interaction, cultural variety and richness, family structure and economic situation.

Keywords: Courtyard, historical city, Midyat, traditional house.

Pages: 10-31

3. Abu Hassan Bin Abu Bakar, Khalid Ali, Eziaku N. Onyeizu, Mohamad Nizam Yusof
Evaluating risk management practices in construction industry: evidence from Oman

Abstract: Risk management has always been an integral process required for the success of any project as construction risk has become prevalent in the industry. This study aims at analyzing risk management measures undertaken by construction companies in the industry. A survey carried out on 40 grade A and grade B construction comttpanies in Muscat, Sultanate of Oman to analyze the tools and techniques for risk management adopted by construction companies. The data received was analyzed using descriptive analysis and it was observed that there is a prevalence of different ideas between grade A and grade B companies in the application of risk management measures and they also seem to agree on some issues.

Keywords: Risk management; effectiveness; risk; contractor.

Pages: 32-36

4. Ganjar Samudro, Sarwoko Mangkoedihardjo
Assessment framework for remediation technologies of oil polluted environment

Abstract: This paper aimed at setting up a general framework for assessments to determine the appropriate remediation technologies. Understanding of the properties and behavior of oil when the oil spill in an environment in addition to the availability of remediation technology options, both of which became the basis for setting the framework of studies. Framework studies included predictive hazard assessment, treatability study, biodegradation study, microbiological study, phytotecjhnological study and ecotoxicological study.

Keywords: Risk control, physico-chemical remediation, bioremediation, phytoremediation

Pages: 37-40

5. Herry Pintardi Chandra, Indarto, I. Putu Artama Wiguna, Peter F. Kaming
Model of Stakeholder Influence on Project Success, An Important Finding from Construction Project in East Java

Abstract: A great deal of literature has pointed to the important of stakeholders’ role on project success. Likewise, stakeholders such as owners, construction management consultants, design consultants, contractors, and subcontractors/ suppliers have influence on project success. This paper reports on the results of an empirical study that developed and tested the model to predict how well the role of stakeholders on projeect success. The role of stakeholders on project success was defined of three latent variables including stakeholder impact, stakeholder engagement, and stakeholder psychological empowerment. Meanwhile, project success can be measured by cost performance, time performance, quality performance, profitability, and customer satisfaction. The data obtained from a questionnaire survey to 204 respondents were analyzed by using stuctural equation modeling (SEM). The result of the study verified the model, and according to the SEM analysis results, path coefficient values were, 0.416 for stakeholder impact, 0.233 for stakeholder engagement, and 0.492 for stakeholder psychological empowerment correlated to project success.

Keywords: Stakeholder impact, stakeholder engagement, psychological empowerment, project success.

Pages: 41-45

6. Herry Pintardi Chandra, Indarto
Identification variables of stakeholder salience on construction project

Abstract: Stakeholders are a major source of uncertainty in construction project. Successful construction project management can be carried out only when the responsible managers take into account the potential influence of the project’s stakeholders. This paper concentrates on identification variables of stakeholder salience that influence in construction project and starting to address these variables into a small number of factors that adequately represent the original set of variables.To complete this research objective, literature review, interview, and questionnaire survey were used in this study. The data obtain from a questionnaire survey to 197 respondents were analysis by using factor analysis. The results of this research show that from 16 stakeholder variables can be defined into four number of representative factors. The first factor for stakeholder empowerment are considered and more important and have greater influence on construction project including stakeholder engagemen process, stakeholder intrinsic motivation, stakeholder opportunity to perform,stakeholder ability to perform, and task behaviors.

Keywords: Stakeholder Salience, Construction Project.

Pages: 46-50

7. Babagana Gutti, Dauda Ibrahim, Bukar U. Musa
Solar energy: a solution to electric power crisis in Nigeria

Abstract: The erratic nature of electricity supply in Nigeria has resulted to a search for solution or an alternative power source. The abundant proportion of solar energy with an annual average solar radiation ranging between 3.7 kWm^--2 day^--1 along the coastal areas and 7.0 kWm^-2 day^-1 in the semi-arid zone of the country made it due for the country to utilize solar energy for domestic and household usage in other to meet the rising demand for power. In this paper, a study was carried out on how solar energy can be used for electric power generation to remedy the existing electric power crisis in Nigeria. Data used for this study were acquired via a structured questionnaire. A typical economic analysis carried out indicates that the simple payback time is about 7 years-very attractive investment considering that the Photovoltaic systems are typically expected to last for 25 years or more.

Keywords: Solar energy, electric power, Nigeria.

Pages: 51-57

8. Mehmet Uysal, Dicle Aydın
An empirical study in the design studio; The rubik’s cube metaphor

Abstract: Studio has an important place in developing and shaping the design competencies during architectural education. During this process, educational tools are used to convey design competencies, concretising feelings and thoughts, and increasing knowledge through production. In this sense diagrams, models, and 3D drawings appear as communication tools that are used to convey thoughts and solutions to problems and express morphological quests. Moreover models also serve as design tools that trigger productive thinking on designs and provide room for building alternatives. This study aims at providing an insight into the studio experiences gained during an empirical study entitled “The Rubik’s Cube Metaphor” carried out within the course Studio 4 at Seljuk University, Department of Architecture in 2009-2010 academic year fall semester. The Rubik’s cube, which is both a toy and an important contributor to intellectual development, has also been aimed at providing architectural experiences. Rubik’s cube was invented by Hungarian designer and architecture professor Ernö Rubik in 1974. It supports diversifying space in architecture, moving across place and time, their correlation, the relationship between space and human, and providing alternatives using toys. Thus provided the cube is an important “space toy”. This cube (3x3x3) enables accomplishing different forms, relationships and structures. In addition facilitates developing thoughts and solving problems related to space. The students were asked to develop metaphors to be used as “child game elements” over a complete and demountable model of this cube, which is composed of 27 cubes, developed by Rubik in relation to his thoughts over space and its relationships within this studio. The aim of this study is to develop students’ model based thinking through child-centred scenarios, enable them to produce alternatives, and building up their skills in turning an utilizable plastic object into a final product. The diversity in the final products which show fullness and emptiness has been useful in showing, though limited, the potential increase in alternatives. Moreover, the results of these modelled studies not only laid bare the thoughts of the designer but also provided results that support the development of skills including understanding geometry, comprehension, and modelled production potential.

Keywords: cube, Rubik’s cube, design studio, architectural design, child and space, game, toy.

Pages: 58-63

9. Rosário Laureano, Manuel Alberto M. Ferreira
Poincaré’s work on Celestial Mechanics: Predictability versus determinism in the context of restricted three-body problem

Abstract:The publication of Principia Mathematica (1678) by Newton became known the celestial bodies’ motion laws, which characterize the Classical Mechanics. Thereafter made sense to search about the movement of these bodies from known initial conditions, particularly in the 3-body problem. In this paper it is exposed the influence of Poincaré’s work (1880's) in this problem on the beginning of Deterministic Chaos Theory based on the development of several new qualitative tools. The application of such tools led him to the discovery of a special kind of behavior – the dynamical instability. Contrary to the common idea that this kind of behavior was first evidenced by Lorenz (1963), the Poincaré's theoretical research was sufficiently clear about the existence of chaotic deterministic behavior. Until the time of Poincaré, there was a tacit assumption that the uncertainty in the output does not arise from any randomness in the dynamical laws, since they are completely deterministic, but rather from the lack of the infinite accuracy in the initial conditions. In this paper it is emphasized that the issues of determinism and predictability are distinct.

Keywords: dynamical instability, Chaos Theory, Determinism, unpredictability

Pages: 64-68

10. Hacene Belhadef, Aicha Eutamene
Ontology and character recognition: new axis of research

Abstract: Ontologies play an important role in the field of knowledge representation and sharing of information, they can be modified, adapted and reused in different applications and domains. In this paper we present a new approach to character recognition (handwritten or printed) based on the creation of domain ontology. The main idea is to represent the document in question as an ontology whose concepts are graphemes extracted from an extraction step of primitives, which are connected by spatial relationships showing their location in the document. The use of ontology in the recognition process is justified by the benefits of this last to improve the quality of the results by introducing the concept of semantics and sharing and also to overcome the limitations of classical approaches based on (neural networks, hidden Markov models, Bayesian networks, etc).

Keywords: Grapheme; Interrogation; Ontology; Protégé2000; Character recognition; Spatial relations; SPARQL.

Pages: 69-75

11. A. A. Ayu Oka Saraswati, Josef Prijotomo, Purwanita Setijanti
Movement in architecture on balinese place, xxperiences on Lunga Ka Pura Kahyangan Sacred Ritual Event
in Denpasar of Bali

Abstract: This study aimed to obtain findings on architectural theory, associated with Balinese traditional architecture, full of ritual and sacred event. The study was conducted through direct experience in these places and in-depth assessment for a year. The results showed that the Balinese traditional architecture has evolved but still retain the character as a sacred place and full of rituals.

Keywords: Balinese architecture, traditional, ritual, sacred event.

Pages: 76-80

12. Basrowi
Public participation in the nine-year basic education program in Indonesia, a case study for Rural community in Pituruh, central Java

Abstract: This study was aimed at describing the role of the community elements in the nine-year basic education program. The approach used in this study was qualitative with the ethnographic method. The research setting was the community in Girigondo and Kembang Kuning villages of Pituruh, Purworejo, Central Java. The community elements consisted of (1) headmaster and teachers, (2) the chairpersons and members of the school board, (3) The head of the villages and staff, (4) all local community organizations, and (5) key persons and public figures of religion and community. The data were collected through observations, interviews, and documentation. The results revealed that the community participation in the nine-year basic education program was implemented in various forms of funding, mutual cooperation, participation in planning, implementing, evaluating the program, and participation in children education.

Keywords: Community elements, participation forms, education

Pages: 81-84

13. Subriyer Nasir, Teguh Budi, Ida Silviyati
Laundry wastewater treatment process using silica, activated carbon and ceramic filter

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to design a laundry wastewater system process using filtration method with ceramic filters. The filters were made from natural clay and zeolites in various compositions. The experimental rig was equipped with silica and carbon active filter, ceramic filter module, rotameter, pressure gauge, and a circulation pump. The tested liquid waste was derived from one of the laundry industries in Palembang, South Sumatera, Indonesia. Process variables studied were the operating time and the filters composition. Parameters analyzed were total dissolved solid (TDS), pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD₅) and the concentration of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS). The obtained results showed that ceramic filters combined with silica and activated carbon as pretreatment can reduce the TDS, EC, COD and BOD₅ to 7.3%, 12.6%, 85%, 90% respectively. The system was also able to reduce the LAS concentration in detergent up to 97%.

Keywords: Ceramic, Filter, Laundry, Wastewater

Pages: 85-89

14. Marina Andrade, Manuel Alberto M. Ferreira
Maternity search through only one putative mother parent data

Abstract: In this work it is exemplified how to solve a complex maternity search problem, in which there is not a putative mother’s DNA sample available, but from only one of her parents, using Bayesian networks.

Keywords: Complex maternity search, DNA profiles, Bayesian networks.

Pages: 90-92

15. Nuruddeen Usman, Ilias Said
An assessment of the determinants of ICT acceptance among the construction Realm in Nigeria

Abstract: Information and Communication Technology infrastructure provides a wide platform for exchanging data, coordinating activities, sharing information, and supporting globalization of businesses, all based on powerful computing and networking technology. However, acceptance of ICT in the developing countries like Nigeria remains weak and data cannot be exchange efficiently due to certain contributing factors. Therefore, this study aims to identify the factors that may influence ICT acceptance in the Nigerian construction domain. Specifically, three attributes, culture, policy and cost are selected for this study. Thus, the data was obtained using proportionate stratified random sampling, with 45 samples of questionnaires distributed. Therefore, based on the reliability and normality test results obtained, the instrument is considered reliable and the data is reasonably normal. Then, culture, policy and cost could be among the factors that influenced ICT acceptance.

Keywords: ICT, Construction, Culture, Policy, Nigeria.

Pages: 93-97

16. D.C. Idoniboyeobu, P.S. Ameh
Optimization of power generation-A case study of Afam thermal power station, Rivers state, Nigeria

Abstract: This work focuses on optimization of power generation using Afam Thermal Power Station, Rivers State, Nigeria as a case study. A survey of the plant current status of the 20 units in the station was presented. Factors responsible for low generation capacity were analyzed. Some of the factors influencing power generation at minimum cost like operating efficiencies of generators, fuel cost, transmission losses, maintenance schedules and other physical factors were highlighted. Minimizing operating cost while maintaining sufficient capacity was stressed as it plays an important role in the economic scheduling of plants. The histogram of the fuel consumption by the station, fuel costing, energy generated by the station, installed capacity, available capacity and actual generation for the station were developed using MATLAB and analyzed. Rehabilitation of broken down units, increasing generational capacity and upgrade of the control system for safe, reliable and efficient plant operation was stressed. Ways to optimize generation through the new 640MW Afam VI combined cycle power project and upgrading the current open cycle units through incorporating Heat Recovery Steam Generators were suggested.

Keywords: Operating efficiency , Optimal economic operation, Economic dispatch , Optimal maintenance, Thermal Efficiency, Equivalent Operating Hours (EOH), Matlab/Simulink.

Pages: 98-103

17. Vishwa Nath Verma
Spectroscopic Metals Analysis of Diabetic Medicines

Abstract: Diabetes type II is a measure problem all over the world and it ends the life of people in millions each year. A few medicines such as Glinil, Diamicron, Meftormine , Glucotrol, Chlorpropamide, Glucobayand, Gluburide, and Proglitazone are very common in use to cure to some extent the effect of this disease . There are many metals which play an important role in maintaining a proper health. This research is focused to find out the amount of these metal elements in these medicines. The Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic method has been used. Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na and Zn were examined depending on the availability of the lamps. Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, K ,Mg and Zn were found but off the range. Chromium was found in the range 3.2 ppm to 14.7 ppm in all the medicines. This support to our previous research investigation using hair of the diabetic patients where chromium was found completely absent and therefore chromium is given to maintain the chromium level in the body.

Keywords: AAS, Diabetes, Medicines

Pages: 104-105

18. Margo Pujiantara, Muhammad Abdillah, Rio Indralaksono
Advanced fuzzy polar for optimal dynamic voltage

Abstract: Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is a device installed to improve a voltage profile to protect sensitive load from various disturbances. One of the controllers that have been developed is based on fuzzy logic. The large numbers of membership functions of the fuzzy controllers make time response slow. Many researches are proposed to minimize the number of membership function, such as fuzzy polar controller method. By using this method, the number of membership function can be minimized; response time of the controller becomes faster. This paper presents the Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) based on fuzzy polar controller Method. Fuzzy polar method is able to reduce the amount of control rule significantly and makes its control action simpler because fuzzy polar expresses the state at polar coordinate. Over development, addition of parameters Zp, Sg, and Zp-min is able to improve the control signal performance. To investigate the effectiveness level of proposed fuzzy polar control scheme, non-linear simulations is carried out on the DVR to improve a voltage profile in the 3 wire systems with various levels of disturbance conditions. From the simulation result, it is found that the addition of Zp, Sg, and Zp-min parameter on fuzzy polar, called the advanced fuzzy polar, can improve the performance of a voltage recovery by the DVR with an average of 31.16% better than that of the conventional fuzzy polar method.

Keywords: Fuzzy polar, voltage recovery, DVR

Pages: 106-113

19. Nurhamdoko Bonifacius, Sri Nastiti N.E., IGN. Antaryama
Effect of Aluminum Foil as Roof insulation on thermal and energy performance of Ripv Building under warm-humid conditions of Indonesia

Abstract: Under warm-humid tropical conditions where radiation is abundant, the magnitude of irradiation gained by roof integrated photovoltaic (RIPV) building is higher. Aside from generating energy, this heat input will in turn increase surface temperature of the module and then heat up the attic and room underneath. If the roof is constantly exposed to the Sun and thus the temperature is increasing, level of comfort in the building and module performance in generating electricity will be deteriorating. In this regard, as indicated by previous studies, insulation might play a certain role in preventing both surface and air temperature from increasing on the photovoltaic module as well as in the space underneath. This paper discusses effect of aluminum foil for roof insulation in building with roof integrated photovoltaic system under tropical conditions. An experiment was conducted to analyses surface temperatures, room temperatures and power output which are resulted from model of buildings applying two schemes of insulations, i.e. with and without aluminum insulation. Measurement was taken in three consecutive days from 10:14 until 14:27 solar time. Results of the study indicated that in the case of building with roof integrated photovoltaic, the use of aluminum as insulation apparently did not improve both energy and thermal performance of the building as compared to roof without insulation. Particularly in terms of power output, no significant differences are found in the two models.

Keywords: Roof integrated photovoltaic, thermal and energy performance, aluminum insulation

Pages: 114-118

20. Bambang Rahadi
The Effect of Public-mutual Forest Management on the Increasing Erosion at the Sayang River Basin of Malang Region

Abstract: The objective of this research was to find out any erosion and predict the extent of erosion at the river course zone of Sayang due to the function shift from Pine forest into intensive farming. This research used spatial analysis and the erosion determination uses n model AGNPS (Agricultural Non-Point Source) model. Results of the research revealed that AGNPS model was applied to estimate erosion and sedimentation that having smaller error level of 10%. The erosion level at the Sayang riverbasin had beyond the permitted limit, 43.35 tons/ha/year, while the sedimentation rate on the outlet was 4.58 tons/ha/year, and the SDR value was 10%. The function shift of the pine forest for about 10% increased erosion 2,205 tons/ha/year and sedimentation 0,4 tons/ha/year. The function shifted from pine forest for about 20% into intensive farming that increased erosion 5,58 tons/ha/year and sedimentation 1,05 tons/ha/year. The function shift from pine forest for about 30% into intensive farming will increase erosion 8,1 tons/ha/year and sedimentation 1,57 tons/ha/year. The function shift of pine forest for about 40% increased erosion 11,95 tons/ha/year and sedimentation 1,02 tons/ha/year.

Keywords: Land function shift, erosion, spatial model, simulation

Pages: 119-124

21. Indar Chaerah Gunadin, Adi Soeprijanto, Ontoseno Penangsang
A comparison of rescheduling methods of active power generation with regard to steady state stability limit

Abstract:This paper discussed an active power generator scheduling in order to increase the limit level of steady state systems especially in the peak load condition. Some power generator optimization methods such as those of Langrange, Genetic Algorithm (GA), NN-GA, Merit Order, and the proposed Z-Thevenin-based were studied and compared in respect of their steady state aspects. A method proposed in this paper was a developed one based on the Thevenin equivalent impedance values between each load respected to each generator. These impedance values represented the point-to-point electric distance between a specific load and a related generator. Power generators with the closest impedance to the load were operated at the maximum level, followed by other generators. In this research, REI-Dimo was used to determine the steady state stability limit (SSSL). The steady state stability index values obtained through the various generator scheduling methods have been compared with the proposed method. As a study case, this research reviewed the 500kV-Jawa-Bali interconnection system. The simulation results showed that the proposed method required the highest operational cost; however, it had the highest limit level of steady state stability compared to other optimization techniques. Thus, the proposed method could be used to create the steady state stability limit of the system especially in the peak load condition.

Keywords: generation scheduling, steady-state stability limit, REI Dimo, margin stability

Pages: 125-136

22. Nor’aini Yusof, Faiz Abd Rahman, Mohd Yahaya Mohd Daud
Investigating first timers and frequenters’ perceived service quality of a lake-based tourism area

Abstract: This study aims to analyse whether there is a significant difference between first timers and frequenters in their evaluation of products and services offered to them by resort operators in Lake Kenyir, a lake-based tourism area. A conceptual framework consisting of 31 items of perceived service quality was developed and items were measured using the 4-point scale. A survey was conducted face-to-face with tourists who visited the lake and had stayed for at least one night in any of the resorts in the study area. 109 useable responses were received. The respondents were divided into three groups according to the number of visits made to the study area; first timers, repeat visitors who had been found to have visited the area between 2 to five times and have visited the area for more than 5 times. The data were analysed using a reliability test, descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA. The results showed that in general the tourists were satisfied with the quality of products and services provided for them. However, there was no evidence of distinct differences between first timers and frequenters perceived service quality. The result implies that the good experience that the repeat visitors encounter in their previous visit/s does not make them more satisfied.

Keywords: Service quality, tourists experience, first-time and repeat visitors, tourist satisfaction

Pages: 137-141

23. Belal Zaqaibeh
An efficient Arabic script library for BGI

Abstract: This paper introduces a new efficient method of writing Arabic script in Borland Graphic Interface (BGI) mode; something that is not handled effectively before with modern computer systems. A new graphic library which is called Arabic Script Library for BGI (ASLBGI) is proposed and implemented. The ASLBGI includes an encoding algorithm works by spanning the keyboard keys sequentially from right to left and top to bottom and outputting a numerical value for each key on the keyboard, so that each key will have a numerical code value, which is stored in a hash table. Also the ASLBGI has special drawing functions that are designed to draw different Arabic letters. A Set data type is used to store the value (shape) of each letter including the letters that are fall in the beginning, middle, and end of words, and also taking in account the letters in Arabic language that are changed their appearance depending on their antecedent and supplement letters in words. All new Sets and procedures are stored in ASLBGI. The new library is implemented and tested.

Keywords: Arabic letters, BGI, Arabic Script Library, Arabic typing, Graphics library

Pages: 142-147

24. Mazran Ismail, Abdul Malek Abdul Rahman, Ruhizal Roosli, Md Azree Othuman Mydin
Potential and constraints of advanced stack ventilation application in the tropics: A review

Abstract: Architecture throughout the ages has found many ways in harnessing wind and solar energy to enhance the performance of natural stack ventilation. The techniques that maximize the potential of both free energy sources has created many advanced stack ventilation strategies like solar induced ventilation and wind assisted stack ventilation. In this paper, the characteristics, applicability, limitations and possible improvement of these stack ventilation strategies in the real building are discussed, by elaborating the factors that affect the ventilation performance, typical flow rate and several prototype developments that have been experimented before. Results of the previous studies on these different aspects and types of strategies then are analyzed and summarized based on their possibilities to be applied in hot-humid climate region.

Keywords: Natural Ventilation, Stack Ventilation, Solar Energy, Wind-driven Ventilation, Hot-humid Climate

Pages: 148-156

25. M.A. Alzamil
Investigation of the Ideality Factor for non-Ideal diodes

Abstract: Numerical calculation of the ideality factor of non ideal diodes has been performed. The diode cell was modulated in terms of a parallel connected double diode circuit model containing parasitic shunt and series resistance effects. The influence of the series resistance on the diode ideality factor has been investigated. At fixed temperature, the ideality factor remains nearly constant for a large range of the series resistance and then it starts to decrease at resistance around nearly 10⁵ Ω. The results indicated that the ideality factor reaches unity at currents 0.5 µA, 2.5 µA, 3.9 µA and 4.2 µA at temperatures 400 K, 300 K, 100 K and 77 K respectively. The influence of the temperature on the ideality factor has been analyzed. When the temperature increases the ideality factor decreases exponentially with a level depends on the fixed diode current. In general, the values of the ideality factor are small at 300 K and 400 K while these values are high at 100 K. The behavior of the ideality factor is investigated when the voltage is changed while the current of the diode is kept constant. When the voltage increases the ideality factor increases linearly.

Keywords: Ideality factor, junction diode, series resistance, shunt resistance, current.

Pages: 157-160

26. A.A. Haggran, S.A. Ibrahim, A.B. Abdel-Razik, O.A. Elgebally, Nivien A. Abou Sereih, B.E. Khalil
Genetic and Biochemical Characterization of Unsaturated Fatty Acids of yeast Strains

Abstract: Lipids are essential components of all living cells because they are obligate components of biological membranes, and serve as energy reserves second messengers. The yeast is a powerful experimental system to study biochemical, cell biological and molecular biological aspects by lipid synthesis. Collection of nine strains; four of S. cerevisiae source (YGSC), five of Rhodotorula sp. four of them come from (ACGEBFAC) and last one from Cairo MIRCEN. The total contents of the nine strains were studing of total protein, total carbohydrates and total lipid. The content of lipid is the most important indicator because it contains fatty acids the product under study. The higher strains contain the total lipid is Rhod5 by 17% and was less strains are Sac3, Sac4 by 10%. Estimate the total content of fatty acids for each strains and were higher strain is Rhod5 by 2.2% and less strain is Sac2 by 0.8%. The protein banding patterns and polymerase chain reaction technology were used to fingerprint strains. The technique is suitable for characterizing and fingerprinting individual strains of S. cerevisiae and Rhodotorula sp. It may also contribute to chemotaxonomy of yeasts.

Keywords: Yeast, Biochemical genetic characterization, total protein, total lipid, total carbohydrates. SDS-PAGE, PCR

Pages: 161-168

27. Sherif S. Mohamed, Sherif R. Mohamed, Lamiaa E. El-Sedeek, Ayman F. Khalil, Mohamed M. Deabes
The omega-3 Ecosa and Decosa polyunsaturated long chain fatty acids have a potent effect to protect liver and kidney toxicity in rats

Abstract: Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) is constant contaminant of human food supply in Egypt as well as worldwide. In the last many years' studies were concerned the effect of omega fatty acid which has a resistance role on the poisoning and has antioxidant activity. Our current research aimed to examine the effect of docosahexanoic acid (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) polyunsaturated fatty acids as antioxidant agent able to protect against liver and kidney diseases induced by aflatoxin-B₁ (AFB₁) in rats and the experiment was designed as follow: group 1 received standard diet as control, group 2 received (AFB₁ 22 ug/kg b.w) and group 3 received (AFB₁ 22 ug/kg b.w) plus (0.4g/kg/day) for 30 days. From obtained results treatment of rats with EPA & DHA restored b.w deficiency induced by AFB₁ towards the normal cases, as well as elimination or moderate all biochemical parameters (GPT, GOT, GGT, ALP, creatinin and uric acid) towards the control group. It is worthy to report that treatment of rats with DHA enhanced the histopatholgical aspects of liver and kidney injuries induced by AFB₁.

Keywords: Omega3, Aflatoxin, liver, kidney

Pages: 169-174

28. M.H. Oladeinde, A.I Unuigbe
Optimization of resource constrained project scheduling problem with fuzzy activity durations

Abstract: In this paper, fuzzy theory is applied to resource-constrained project scheduling (RCPS) problem with uncertain activity duration. A parallel scheduling method with three different priority based heuristics rules, namely shortest processing time (SPT), earliest start time (EST) and earliest finish time (EFT) was used to schedule the project a67ctivities to obtain the project completion time.. Numerical computations reveal that the three heuristics produced three different scheduling squences with different project makespans. The EST rules produced the optimal schedule with the minimum makespan. A detailed step by step illustration of the scheduling proceedure using shortest processing time heurstic is presented.

Keywords: fuzzy, resource constrained, makespan, scheduling

Pages: 175-180

29. Hussein H. Owaied
New overview of Artificial Intelligence

Abstract: This paper presents a new overview for the term Artificial Intelligence. The philosophy behind this new overview based on only one ayah from the Holy Qur’an which is ayah 78 in Surah Al-Bees. The definition of artificial intelligence and new direction of future research are presented. The architecture of knowledge-based system has been developed as mimic to the proposed functional model of human system. The new Artificial Intelligence wills concentrate in soft computing for creating the intelligent agents which will be used for the building of the Intelligent Machines. In this paper the research areas for the new artificial intelligence are proposed.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Expert System, Knowledge-based Systems, Knowledge Representation, Problem Solving Methodology and Searching Techniques

Pages: 181-185

30. Godfrey Ariavie, G.E Sadjere, O. Efosa
Rapid Prototyping: Implication for Developing Economies

Abstract: Catching up technologically might not be an option for developing economies if they are to remain relevant in a rapidly changing and dynamic global market. In today’s global market, competitiveness is key to survival. In order to remain competitive and stay afloat, multinational companies are seeking new frontiers to collaborate and partner with small to medium enterprises (SMEs) in developing economies as a way of building global value chain (GVC) which has become necessary to cut production cost, reduce time to market, and produce innovative and competitive products. One of several technologies that makes low cost of product design and manufacture, reduced time to market as well as creation of innovative products possible, is the Rapid Prototyping Technology. The centrality of rapid prototyping technologies to the design objectives of multinational companies building global value chain makes rapid prototyping technology worth reviewing not only to ascertain its emergence but also to highlight its implication for developing economies. This paper has done just that.

Keywords: Rapid Prototyping, Rapid Prototyping Technologies, Developing Economies

Pages: 186-189

31. Ayman Bassam Nassuora, Nabeel Faroq Al-Mushasha
Factors Determine Jordanian Customer’s Attitude Towards E-Government

Abstract: E-Government structures allows the government to work more clear and responsible way which increases the power of the individual against the government. This research identifies the factors that determine the attitude of customers towards the Jordan e-government services by using a modified theoretical model based on the model of technology acceptance. Data structures were collected from 200 respondents. The results showed that e-Government acceptance of services can be explained in terms of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, compatibility, trust in government, trust in the Internet and attitude towards e-government services. This study provides a trigger for the Jordanian government to develop and implement better e-government system or service since million Jordanian Internet users have been waiting for e-government services. The theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed, offering recommendations and future research directions.

Keywords: e-government, Technology Acceptance Model, attitude

Pages: 190-196

32. Hanizam Awang, Md Azree Othuman Mydin, Ahmad Farhan Roslan
Microstructural investigation of lightweight foamed concrete incorporating various additives

Abstract: This paper reports the results of an experimental investigation and analysis of the reactions of additives to concrete in order to investigate the microstructure, formation and properties of lightweight foamed concrete (LFC). LFC with 600 and 1000 kg/m3 density were cast and tested. Fly ash, lime and polypropylene fibre were used as additives with different percentages for both densities. The main objective of this study is to investigate the divergence of microstructure formations that will subsequently influence the properties of LFC. This experimental investigation will be dealing with the behaviour and reaction of additives which are expected to give different results and effects to LFC. Detailed observation with the aid of a light microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) will provide apparent clarification and justification of the microstructure formation. From the experimental investigation, fly ash, as a cement replacement, gives good results in compressive strength when compared with other additives.

Keywords: Lightweight foamed concrete, microstructure, hydration process, additive, fly ash, fibre

Pages: 197-201

33. Alireza Norouzi, Tanzila Saba, Mohd Shafry Mohd Rahim, Amjad Rehman
Visualization and Segmentation of 3D Bone from CT images

Abstract: In the field of medicine, modern medical imaging equipments produce three dimensional data. Accordingly, need of proficient tools for visualization of these 3D medical images is increasing as it is useful to view human tissues or organs transparently. However, in the existing cases the interaction part is limited to 2D mouse/keyboard. Hence, three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction from 2D slice images is one of the most attractive areas. In this paper we carried out the visualization of leg’s bone from medical image specially computed tomography images (CT scan). Each CT image includes bone, soft tissue, background, etc. The bone section is extracted from each 2D slice and is placed in the 3D space. Surface rendering is applied on 2D bone slices. The data is visualized via multi-planar reformatting, surface rendering, and hardware-accelerated volume rendering. Finally, the paper presents an improved methodology to reconstruct 3D bone from medical images that exhibit promising results in the state of the art. The proposed technique involves contour extraction, image enhancement, segmentation, outlier reduction and 3D modeling.

Keywords: 3D reconstruction, cross section imaging, medical image segmentation, volume and surface rendering.

Pages: 202-208

34. M. Harouni, M. S. M. Rahim, D. Mohamad, A.Rehman, T. Saba
Online Cursive Persian/Arabic Character Recognition by Detecting Critical Points

Abstract: Existing complexities of Persian/Arabic scripts in cursive script styles and writing speed, etc., handwriting recognition is still a challenging task as compared to other scripts like Latin. The focus of this paper is to introduce a robust process for detecting the desired critical points used in feature extraction, which divides each isolated character into some meaningful parts known as tokens. A minimum feature set is extracted from these tokens that are directly recognized by the standard classifier. The results show that the system achieves promising recognition rate with other existing online systems.

Keywords: 3D reconstruction, cross section imaging, medical image segmentation, volume and surface renderingCharacter recognition, Persian/ Arabic alphabets, Feature extraction, Critical points.

Pages: 209-214

35. M.H. Oladeinde, A.I. Momodu
An integer linear programming optimization of single and multi mode time cost tradeoff problem

Abstract: The project manager is usually saddled with the responsibility of delivering projects within a specified deadline at optimum cost. In order to meet this objective, the execution of critical activities in the project needs to be expedited. The decision about which activities to crash or activities implementation modes to select has to be made in a cost effective way. This paper provides an integer linear programming model based on Critical Path Method for solving time cost trade off problems. Two mathematical formulations for single and multi mode problems are presented. The proposed models are illustrated using numerical examples to demonstrate the application of the technique as a vital tool usable for strategic decision making in project planning.

Keywords: Integer programming, time cost trade off, Critical Path Method

Pages: 215-222

36. A. Maârouf, M. Chahid, M. Benhamou
Modeling of the electro-conductive textiles damage

Abstract: We propose, in this work, to model the damage of the electro-conductive textiles. This kind of materials is generally formed by an insulating matrix, in which are embedded resistors forming a network. Under the action of certain external factors, the network suffers deterioration that is accompagnied by a reduction of its associated overall conductivity. We consider two cases, namely, the situation of a longitudinal stress for which the conductivity is along the fibers and the case with a current perpendicular to the fibers through links between neighboring fibers. The first case can be modeled by resistors connected in parallel. While in the second case, the path of percolation is modeled by resistors in series. In both cases, the overall damage is expressed in terms of partial damage of resistors. Comparison with experimental results of a textile in which are embedded printing electrical circuits will be the subject of a future communication.

Keywords: Electro-conductive textiles, Resistors networks, Damage, Modeling.

Pages: 223-226

37. Reyadh Shaker Naoum, Namh Abdula Abid, Zainab Namh Al-Sultani
A hybrid intrusion detection system based on enhanced resilient backpropagation artificial neural network and k-Nearest Neighbor Classifier

Abstract: Over the last two decades, computer and network security has become a main issue, especially with the increase number of intruders and hackers, therefore systems were designed to detect or/and prevent intruders. This paper presents a hybrid intrusion detection system models, using a machine learning algorithm and a neural network. A multilayer perceptron is trained using an enhanced resilient backpropagation training algorithm. An optimal learning factor was derived to speed up the convergence of the neural network performance. The experiments have shown that the k-Nearest Neighbor was able to classify normal class more accurately than the neural network, but the enhanced resilient backpropagation was able to classify intrusions classes with high detection rate. The evaluations were performed using the NSL-KDD anomaly intrusion detection dataset. The experiments results demonstrate that the system has a detection rate about 97% and with an accuracy rate of 99%.

Keywords: Intrusion Detection System, k-Nearest Neighbor, Resilient Backpropagation, Artificial Neural Network

Pages: 227-234

38. A. J. Ujam, N. E.Nwochae
Simulation of the effect of bucket splitter on pressure distribution on bucket surface of a Pelton turbine

Abstract: This work is set out to investigate the effect of bucket splitter angle on the pressure distribution within the bucket surface which influences the power output of a pelton turbine. A simulation program was developed to simulate the force generated on the bucket surface due to water jet impingement on the existing (10° – 15°) and predicted (1°- 25°) bucket splitter angle. At 25° bucket splitter angle the force generated was maximum. A theoretical approach was used to obtain a mathematical equation of pressure distributed on the bucket surface instead of a pressure sensor and the expression obtained was simulated to estimate the effect of pressure due to water jet impingement on the splitter causing the bending stress on bucket and turbulence. At 25° splitter angle the pressure distribution on bucket surface was minimal.

Keywords: bucket splitter, pressure distribution, power turbine, power output.

Pages: 235-246

39. Heap-Yih Chong, Hamimah Adnan, Rosli Mohamad Zin
A feasible means of methodological advance from Delphi Methods: A case study

Abstract: The Delphi is reliable research tool of eliciting experts’ opinion. Traditional Delphi method (TDM) consists of a series of rounds interspersed with feedback for the consensus. However, Fuzzy Delphi method (FDM) requires only one round of investigation to denote the consensus using the geometric mean in the fuzzy triangular approach. The obvious difference needs to be addressed as it could threaten the original values of the Delphi method. Therefore, the aim of this article is to overcome the drawbacks of the TDM and the FDM. Both techniques’ principles and methodological areas were examined. A methodological proposal or framework was developed based on the mutual and positive characteristics of the methods. Subsequently, a case study was carried out and observations were gathered. The lessons learned from the theory and the application would render an insight for another methodological approach in Delphi methods.

Keywords: Traditional Delphi method, Fuzzy Delphi method, methodology framework, case study

Pages: 247-253

40. Rasheed A. Al Zubaidy, Amer N. AbuAli, Bassam A. Rahman
Using Artificial Neural Network Models for Pancreas

Abstract: Diabetes is a disease that is characterized by an elevated blood glucose level. This can be caused by a reduction of the production of insulin by the pancreas (type I diabetes) or by the insulin being less effective at moving glucose out of the blood stream and into cells that need it (type II diabetes). In this paper we discus some ideas to solve this problem using artificial neural network models pancreas.

Keywords: Pancreases, glucose, blood, Diabetes

Pages: 254-263

41. Suning, Eddy Setiadi Soedjono
Mapping the Environmental sanitation conditions of coastal Communities at Sedati sub-district, East Java, based on Geographic Information System

Abstract: This study aimed to map the environmental sanitation conditions of coastal communities in Sedati Sub-District, East Java. Analysis method was descriptive and overlay Arc-GIS by questionnaire and interview through a social survey. Descriptive analysis was used to describe existing sanitation conditions based on the percentage of primary data. Arc-GIS overlay was used to map sanitation conditions, such as: villages which have a high, medium, and low percentage showed poor, medium, and good sanitation conditions in coastal settlements. The results showed that most residents of coastal had poor sanitation conditions. More than 50% the families did not have private toilet facilities, and defecation is still in the sea / pond or latrine. Drainage system channels in each village were open, so that when rains caused bad smell. The majority population to access clean water was tap water without a piping channel (retail purchasing system). The purchase price for every 25 liters of water at Rp 7,000, - and the condition was making people a lot of expenditure. Therefore the coastal village that became the main observations should be given priority in sanitation access services, in order to achieve the 2015 MDG target that the government should be able to reduce the number of people who do not have adequate sanitation access.

Keywords: Sanitation, GIS, Coastal Areas

Pages: 264-267

42. Nachnul Ansori, M. Imron Mustajib
Multi-response optimization for CaO production considering environmentally conscious by using Taguchi method

Abstract: This study reports a process design for the emission problem of CO₂ as well as CaO in SMEs. The main problem, however, is the CaO have more than one quality characteristic or multi-response problem when we consider both of product quality and environment quality. Taguchi’s multi-response and The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) procedure were used to find the best combination of process parameters, namely: characteristic of raw materials, burner materials, and dimension of limestone particles. Two levels of the factors were investigated by means of Taguchi multi-response for designing the optimal parameter by implementing TOPSIS procedure in solving the conflicting criteria of evaluation. In order to solve the weighting problem in TOPSIS procedure, then the AHP approach is proposed in this paper. We find that optimum combination of two level factors treatments simultaneously are 71.52% of CaO and 1866.25 ppm of CO₂.

Keywords: parameter design, SMEs, CO₂, CaO, TOPSIS

Pages: 268-274

43. Abdulameer Khalaf Hussein
Digital signatures by using Arbiters manager

Abstract: This paper presents a control management technique to prevent problems related to denying parties of their own activities in digital signature scheme with one arbiter. To overcome these problems all effective digital schemes use a group of arbiters instead of one arbiter. But sometimes one or more arbiters may conspire with one party against the other. This technique uses a high arbiter whose responsibility is to monitor arbiter’s activities and accumulate their acknowledgments in a sign table. Using this procedure will lead to prevent all disputes caused by using one arbiter. The main objectives of this paper are to check the honesty of each arbiter and according to this the arbiter manager may monitor and then discard all dishonesty arbiters to keep only the most trusted arbiters. The asymmetric cryptosystem is used in this technique. The main difference of this technique from others is to find a new control management.

Keywords: Digital Signature, Authentication, Arbiters, Security

Pages: 275-282

44. E. Nwelih, K.C. Ukaoha
Cyber crime and the Nigerian nation- evolving dimensions in Benin city

Abstract: It is becoming increasingly difficult for universities in Nigeria to go it alone in terms of serving as a citadel of learning, coping with the huge wage bill and competing with their peers in other parts of the world, due to competitive, economic and other pressures. As a consequence, universities in Nigeria are left with no option than to carry their industrial partners along in terms of research and development through the formation of partnerships for their mutual benefit. Since the industries are established for profit making and the universities for knowledge enhancement, such partnerships would help in spreading the costs in terms of provision of knowledge and costs of research. This paper discusses the various types of partnerships involving industries and universities, the benefits derived and a possible model for the working of such a partnership which could be adapted to other sectors and countries in sub-Saharan Africa.

Keywords: partnership, academic-industry relations, educational-commercial cooperation.

Pages: 283-285

45. Mohammad Holil, Mardi Santoso, Taslim Ersam
Synthesis of Piperonyl Esters from commercial essential oil of Cinnamomum Cullilawan, Blume

Abstract: 5-(Prop-2-enyl) benzo[d][1,3] dioxole as a major component of commercial essential oil of Cinnamomum cullilawan, Blume was separated subsequently by reaction with sodium hydroxide solution, extraction, and distillation under reduced pressure. Isomerization of 5-(Prop-2-enyl)benzo[d][1,3]dioxole under basic conditions furnished 5-(prop-1-enyl)benzo[d][1,3]dioxole which on oxidation afforded benzo[d][1,3]dioxole-5-carbaldehyde in good yield. Sodium borohydride reduction of benzo[d][1.3]dioxole-5-carbaldehyde gave benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethanol, which on reaction with carboxylic acid anhydride or acyl chloride furnished piperonyl esters in good yields. Aroma intensity of the esters is also discussed.

Keywords: essential oil; synthesis; fragrances; Cinnamomum cullilawan, Blume.

Pages: 286-289

46. Prihastono, Ari Santoso, Achmad Jazidie
Autonomous five legs robot navigation using behavior based control and fuzzy Q-learning

Abstract: This paper presents collaboration of behavior based control and fuzzy Q-learning for five legs robot navigation systems. There are many fuzzy Q-learning algorithms that have been proposed to yield individual behavior like obstacle avoidance, find target and so on. However, for complicated tasks, it is needed to combine all behaviors in one control schema using behavior based control. Based this fact, this paper proposes a control schema that incorporate fuzzy q-learning in behavior based schema to overcome complicated tasks in navigation systems of autonomous five legs robot. In the proposed schema, there are two behaviors which is learned by fuzzy q-learning. Other behaviors is constructed in design step. All behaviors are coordinated by hierarchical hybrid coordination node. Simulation results demonstrate that the robot with proposed schema is able to learn the right policy, to avoid obstacle and to find the target. However, Fuzzy q-learning failed to give right policy for the robot to avoid collision in the corner location.

Keywords: behavior based control, fuzzy q-learning.

Pages: 290-297

47. Maamoun Ahmed, Riyadh Naom, Mohammad Huraibat
Dynamic zone routing protocol

Abstract: The Attempts of developing adaptive and scalable wireless ad-hoc routing protocols have been increasing by research and development individuals and institutions in the last few years due to the high availability of low cost wireless devices. This has led to developing many routing protocols which have been mainly categorized into Proactive, Reactive, and Hybrid ad-hoc routing protocols.Most of the known routing protocols lack the adaptability factor, that is, the routing protocol cannot adapt to any changes in the surrounding environment properly. In other words, a routing protocol would collapse or show a poor performance if mobility of network nodes or the number of nodes per square meter increased. One of the protocols that lack the dynamic reconfiguration property is the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP). Based on above, the ZRP has been configured using OPNET simulator to dynamically set its own attributes in order to adapt in different environments and according to certain network parameters such as traffic load, mobility model, power constraints, network intensity and / or any other effective parameter.The adaptability in hand is one main objective of this work’s, on the other hand, choosing the shortest path of many paths within the routing zones using round trip distance calculation is another enhancement on the original ZRP.

Keywords: MANET, routing protocols, Ad-Hoc, Wireless

Pages: 298-305

48. Anyiam Chioma Kezaiah, Igwe Isaac Ogbennaya
Studies on the use of an Industrial waste Clay in Alkyd paint formulations

Abstract: Waste clay, obtained as an Industrial waste firebrick, was used as an extender at varying concentrations to formulate alkyd paints. The waste firebrick was crushed, calcined, characterized, and sieved to particlle size 0.075 µm. Alkyd paint samples were prepared using the waste clay and commercial whiting at varying extender contents and were evaluated for their performance characteristics. Results show similarity in the values of specific gravity and film thicknesses obtained for the waste clay, and commercial whiting formulated alkyd paint samples. The waste clay extended paint samples exhibited good viscosity properties. There was no formation of chalk and mildew on the paint samples. The drying times of the waste clay formulated paint samples were generally lower when compared to that of commercial whiting at any extender content considered. The prepared paint samples were generally unaffected in water, and 2% Na₂₃ solution. While the commercial whiting formulated paint samples exhibited good storage property, the waste clay formulated paint samples exhibited varying degrees of settling tendencies.

Keywords: Extenders, alkyd, paint, clay.

Pages: 306-313

49. E.M. Hoballah, A.G. Attallah, Abd-El-Aal, S. Kh.
Genetic diversity of some new local strains of cyanobacteria isolated from Wadi El -Natrun, Egypt

Abstract: A blend of morphology, SDS-PAGE, 16S rDNA gene and the fuzzy approach had been used to confirm the phylogenetic affiliation of some new local strains of Cyanobacterial isolated from Wadi El -Natrun, Egypt. Three predominant cyanobacterial genera were isolated from the surface water layer of El-Khadra Lake in Wadi El-Natrun, Beheira governorate northwest Egypt. The isolated strains were classified by means of classical and molecular methods such as SDS-PAGE and genetic phylogeny based on 16S rDNA. The phylogenetic analysis indicated the presence of two related clones exhibited a high new sequence divergence for Cyanobacteria. The new three cyanobacterial taxa showed to be more genetically divergent and reflected a possible existence of cryptic species in the genera Oscillatoria, Spirulina and Microcystis. Nearly morphological taxonomy and complete 16S ribosomal rDNA sequences from the isolated cyanobacteria were commonly identified as Microcystis aeruginosa with accession number HM559221, Oscillatoria geminata with accession number HM559222, as well as Spirulina platensis with accession number HM559223.

Keywords: Oscillatoria, Spirulina, Microcystis, morphology, 16SrDNA, SDS-PAGE

Pages: 314-326

50. Abdel Hamid A. Harggran, Nivien A. Abou Sereih, Maysa E. Moharam
Enhancement alpha amylase production by Bacillus licheniformes and Bacillus subtilis strains

Abstract: The present study is focused on the improvement of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformes for alpha amylase production; chemical mutagensis using ethyl methane sulphonate ( EMS 100, 200, 300 µl/ml ) was undertaken for 20, 40, 60 min. Twenty six and fifty two mutants were isolate from B.s and B. l respectively. The mutant of B. l EMS gave 7.2-18.5 µl/ml and the mutants of B.s gave 10.0 -21.0 µl/ml enzyme activity. Plasmid profiles of two strain were varied in size, number and their existence. SDS-PAEG protein banding patterns and analysis of SDS-PAEG for the wild type of two strains B.s & B.l and their mutants were done.

Keywords: Bacillus subtilis , Bacillus licheniformes, plasmid profiles, mutation, EMS, Alpha – amylase assay , protein analyses.

Pages: 327-333

51. Norhatta Mohd, Tengku Farah Tengku Mahmood, Mohd Nazri Ismail
Development of simulation model for mathematics results

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to develop a simulation model for mathematics result among students from Malaysian Institute of Information Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur. This paper describes the development of a simulation model based on the level of attitude (patience) towards problem solving and mathematics achievement. The model consists of two variables; the dependant variable is mathematics achievement and the independent variable is patience. The data used was based from the findings of the previous result using the SPSS. Matlab application is used to implement the simulation model. Histogram, bar chart and scatter graph developed for modeling the mathematics performance are explained along with the methodology used to explain the results. The simulation model developed may be used not only to predict Mathematics achievement, but also to predict students’ performance in other subjects. The simulation model is able to analyze the performance of students' mathematics result at early stage. Therefore, lecturers will be able to take a proactive action to avoid higher failure rate in mathematics. The prediction from this approach will help to reduce and improve the number of failure rate in mathematics subject. It is hoped that the results of this study could serve as a resourceful guideline for future preparation and the ways to improve students’ achievement in mathematics.

Keywords: mathematics achievement, attitude, simulation model, matlab application, patience

Pages: 334-339

52. B. C. Aharanwa
Incorporation and effects of scrap tyre on cement-concrete

Abstract: Waste management has been an issue of global interest. As a result, researchers have gone a long way in the conversion of waste to useful materials. Scrap tyres of different proportion was mixed with Portland cement for the production of concrete. Some important tests for concrete such as density, water absorption and compressive strength were conducted. Improvement on the quality of the concrete was observed. Dry weight and density were found to reduce as the rubber content was increased. Wet weight followed the same pattern. 4% rubber content appeared to have maximum compressive strength in all the samples analyzed.

Keywords: Scrap tyre, rubber, concrete, cement, compressive strength

Pages: 340-343

PART B  /   SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

1. Serkan Hacicaferoglu, Cemal Gundogdu, Ali Serdar Yucel, Mehmet Acet
Examination of Mobbing Behaviors Experienced by the Personnel Working at Youth Services and Provincial Directorates of Sports

Abstract: The purpose of this research is to examine mobbing behaviors experienced by the personnel working at Youth Services and Provincial Directorates of Sports according to their sex, age, marital status, occupational seniority and graduated school. The research is such made by using general scanning model. The personnel working at the district and provincial offices of Youth Services and General Directorate of Sports constitute the population of the research and 325 personnel working at Youth Services and Provincial Directorates of Sports selected randomly from the population in 25 provinces constitute the sample of the research. The data regarding mobbing actions experienced by the personnel was collected by using “Negative Acts Questionnaire” (NAQ). “Negative Acts Questionnaire” (NAQ) was developed by Einarsen and Raknes (1) and adapted to Turkish by Cemaloglu (2). Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient of the subjected scale was re-calculated and determined to be 0,89. During the analysis of data frequency (f), percentage distribution (%), arithmetic average (x), -t and F tests were used and data were analyzed by means of SPSS 15,00 packaged software. Significance level was accepted as 0.5 in order to determine whether a difference exists between the variants applied in the questionnaire. As a result of our research it was determined that 44% of the personnel working in GHSİM (Youth Services and General Directorate of Sports) suffered mobbing behaviors. When the questionnaire results are analyzed it is seen that women exposed more mobbing behaviors comparing to men, those between 21-30 age group exposed more mobbing behaviors comparing to other age groups, those married exposed more mobbing behaviors comparing to single and divorced, those having 1-10 years of seniority exposed more mobbing behaviors comparing to those having other seniorities, those having bachelor’s degree and associate degree exposed to more mobbing behaviors comparing to other graduates. It was determined that there is a significant difference between mobbing experiencing levels according to sex, age, occupational seniority and graduated school of the GHSİM personnel and no significant difference according to marital status variant.

Keywords: Mobbing, Psychological Violence, Youth Services and Provincial Directorate of Sports

Pages: 5-10

2. Crisanta Alina Mazilescu, Bernard Gangloff
Natural descriptors - a study on social desirability and social utility

Abstract: Personality is the subject of multiple investigations. In recruitment in particular, it is one of the main elements on which job candidates are evaluated. But the evaluation, the attribution of value, consists in judging the utility and social desirability of the subject matter. This article aims to take the 88 personological descriptors obtained by Mazilescu and Gangloff from the self and hetero-spontaneous descriptions and examine the utility and desirability by applying the procedure described by Le Barbenchon, Cambon and Lavigne. The results show that all descriptors are loaded with social utility and desirability, either positive or negative. Differences were also observed between utility and desirability, neutral judgments being more frequent for utility than for desirability, which means a greater polarization for desirability than for utility, thus confirming the independence of the two dimensions.

Keywords: Natural descriptors, social value, social, desirability, social utility.

Pages: 11-16

3. Rabah Alshboul, Mofleh Al-diabat, Mahmoud Abu-A'ra, Khaled Aldiabat
The role of knowledge management in Jordanian governmental organizations

Abstract: In this paper we study some problems in knowledge management ,and found a lot of conclusions that we hope they will be references to researchers. Knowledge management is considered among the latest and most modern management concepts, and has engaged the growing interest of the business sector. It is actually the management of processes which assist organizations to reproduce and to acquire knowledge, and to choose, organizes, utilize and disseminate knowledge with a view to benefiting from the important information and experiences possessed by an organization, and which are considered necessary for the various management activities such as decision making, problem solving, learning and strategic planning.

Keywords: Knowledge, management, Jordan, governmental organizations.

Pages: 17-22

4. Çiğdem Sabbağ, Esra Mankan
Crosschecking Eastern and Western Universities students food consumption attitudes in Turkey

Abstract: The traditional Anatolian food consumption attitude in Turkey is shifting to global trends which are dominated by fast foods. This change is more common among youngsters that triggers the prevalence of overweigh and obesity as well as other health disorders. The study aims to evaluate the basics of overweight and obesity causes of students from two distinct regions of Turkey, first one was Adiyaman, a relatively underdeveloped region in the Southeastern Anatolia and the second one was Izmir in a rather developed western region of the country. We determined that the more students were of normal weight in Adiyaman (69.9%) compared to (50.0%) Izmir students, most probably due to more traditional oriented food options availability. Unfortunately, Adiyaman students are inclined to consume more fast food alike İzmir students. However, due to lack of restaurants offering fast food have an indirectly positive effect on Adıyaman university students BMI.

Keywords: Eating attitudes, Socio-economy, University students, Adiyaman, Izmir.

Pages: 23-27

5. Wheny Khristianto, Kertahadi, Imam Suyadi
The Influence of Information, System and Service on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty in Online Shopping of Forum Jual Beli Kaskus.Us, Malang Region

Abstract: The purpose of this research was to find out and analyze: 1) information quality influence on customer satisfaction in online shopping, 2) system quality influence on customer satisfaction in online shopping, 3) service quality influence on customer satisfaction in online shopping, 4) customer satisfaction influence on customer loyalty in online shopping, and 5) service quality influence on customer loyalty in online shopping. A set of empirical data including 82 questionnaires were collected from online shopping customer in Malang who use Forum Jual Beli (FJB) Kaskus.us as online shopping media and to test estimates in the research model. The finding of this research indicated that information quality, service quality were found influence and significant on customer satisfaction, customer satisfaction and service quality were found influence and significant on customer loyalty, but system quality was not significant on customer satisfaction.

Keywords: Information quality, system quality, service quality, customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, online shopping.

Pages: 28-32

6. Praptining Sukowati, Sjamsiar Sjamsudin, Agus Suryono, Kausar
Disaster handling policy in order to community empowerment at disaster-vulnerable region of East Java Province

Abstract: Management policy of disaster handling at East Java Province is still poor. Therefore, it is necessary to gain new paradigma concerning disaster handling management in order to face this problem. Community-based disaster handling, that is, ward self-independent, self-recognizing hazard in its neighborhood and self-aid ability of the community is an urgent step that needs to be considered toward creating sustainability if disaster occur in the near future. There is no other alternatives for East Java regional government at this moment other than formulate natural disaster handling management policy that consist of comprehensive, integrative, and based on the community, also concern with optimization of related bureaucracies in handling natural disaster. Objectives of this study is to found any guideline or disaster handling management policy model at East Java province, particularly in giving basic or minimum services at disaster-vulnerable regions. Nature of this study is qualitative descriptive using grounded theory and Baysian approach. Data collection was conducted using in-depth interview, FGD, observation, and documentation of nearly 8 months at Jember Regency and Malang Regency, both as representatives of disaster-vulnerable region at East Java Province. Result of this study is bureaucratic role in handling natural disaster at disaster-vulnerable region of East Java Province still not optimal since natural disaster handling management policy is still instructive in nature, therefore basic services are still not implemented good enough. Cooperation between region and between sectors is still poor. Thus, it is necessary to gain natural disaster handling management policy model at disaster-vulnerable region related with institutionalization and its handling at disaster-vulnerable region of East Java Province.

Keywords: regional government’s role, disaster handling policy, community empowerment

Pages: 33-37

7. Imad Z. Ramadan
Earnings management and Investment Behavior: The Case of Jordan

Abstract: This paper aims to assess the effect of earnings management on the investment behavior of Jordanian industrial firms. Utilizing unbalanced data for all of the Jordanian Industrial firms listed at Amman Stock Exchange (ASE) from 2001 to 2010 with 702 firms’ year observations. Using the discretionary current accrual as a proxy for the extent of practicing earnings management, two proxies for the investment behavior; investment level model and external financing model, estimation of three models panel data cross-sectional time series have been tested employing the Pooled Ordinary Least Squares Model (OLS). The findings of the study found to be significantly consistent with the literature. The results suggest that aggressive practicing earnings management firms tend to over-invest in the following period of earnings management. Results also showed that, unlike in less aggressive practicing earnings management firms, investment level in aggressive firms tend to be less sensitive to the internal cash flows, and more sensitive to the external cash flows in the period that follows earnings management, suggesting that aggressive firms rely more on external financing, and use the earnings management deliberately as a means to increase the company's ability of accessing external finance.

Keywords: Earnings Management; Investment Behavior; Jordan.

Pages: 38-45

8. Azizeh Khanchobani Ahranjani, Mir Ayyoob Tabatabaei
Iranian University EFL teachers’ Perception and use of Cloze-Elide Procedure as a reading activity

Abstract: It is reputed that teacher’s perception of teaching activities and strategies can influence their efficient use in second or foreign classes. Based on this premise besides the theoretical underlying of cloze-elide texts in developing reading comprehension as a booster in second and foreign language learning, the present study investigated Iranian University EFL Teachers’ perception of cloze-elide texts as a reading activity in English classes. To this end, 24 Iranian University EFL teachers who had reading comprehension class were chosen from the universities of west Azerbaijan, Iran, as the participants of this study. For investigating their perception of cloze-elide texts, fist, the class of each teacher was observed by the researcher and then the teachers were interviewed based on the six criteria adapted from Farhady (1996). The findings revealed although just 22% of teachers showed their familiarity with cloze-elide texts, none of them had practical experience on the use of cloze-elide texts. According to the interview, it stems from their unfamiliarity with the manipulation and the construction process of cloze-elide texts. This finding is expected to trigger different studies on the use of cloze-elide texts in reading which have been neglected. In addition, it is useful to textbook writers and EFL teachers to delve deep into the cloze-elide texts and use them as a reading activity.

Keywords: EFL teachers, cloze-elide, Iranian university EFL teachers’

Pages: 46-49

9. Tuncay Dilci
Prospective class teachers’ competency in designing instructional medium as a part of a learning situation

Abstract: It has been aimed in this study to determine the prospective teachers’ ideas about their competency in designing instructional medium as a part of a learning situation. In this study which was carried out according to survey model, ‘competency in designing instructional medium as a part of a learning situation’ data collection system was applied to the sample group. The Research Population consists of the students taking education in 2010-2011 academic year in Classroom Teaching Departments of both Marmara University, Atatürk Faculty of Education, and that of Cumhuriyet University’s Faculty of Education. Data collection tool was applied to 160 prospective teachers. In the statistical analysis of the data gathered by the study, Percentage, Frequency, Arithmetic mean and T-Test were used. It has been seen through the outcomes of the research that male prospective teachers feel themselves more efficient in class management than the female ones. In terms of managerial competency, the prospective teachers of Marmara University are more sufficient than those of Cumhuriyet University. Besides, a statistically important difference according to the sex variables in managerial competency wasn’t observed.

Keywords: Prospective Class Teachers, Learning Situation, Education, educational process, Quality of Teachers

Pages: 50-57

10. Basorun J. Omoniyi
Conserving the Cultural Heritage of Yoruba Region in Nigeria: A Focus on Deji’s Palace in Akure

Abstract: Cultural heritage is fading off in Nigeria as civilization prevails. The traditional ruler’s palace where many of the cultural heritages are harboured is not left out. This study took a look at Deji’s palace in Akure, Nigeria, to know its richness in Yoruba cultural heritage and the efforts made to preserve them. The research interview covered the residents of Akure who have close ties with the palace. The returned questionnaires were analyzed using simple percentile. Findings revealed that the Deji’s palace is rich in cultural heritage and traditional architecture, but these are in deteriorating state due to poor maintenance. Recommendations were made based on research findings.

Keywords: Yoruba, Culture, heritage, palace, richness, traditional architecture, Akure, Nigeria.

Pages: 58-62

11. Khalizani Khalid, Muhammad Syafiq Ahyat, Hasnun Anip Bustaman
The cost of person organization fit

Abstract: This paper reviews the recent advancement of person organizational (P-O) fit that has received great attention in the employees’ selection context. This paper aims to construe P-O fit determinants with greater emphasis on the employee selection context in public organization. Then, this paper conceptualizes P-O match between applicants and broader organizational attributes as P-O fit has been contended as the key to maintaining the flexible and a tight labour market.

Keywords: Person organizational fit, knowledge characteristics, social; characteristic, work context

Pages: 63-66

12. Mir Ayyoob Tabatabaei, Azizeh Khanchobani Ahranjani
The comparative study of Iranian Monolingual and Bilingual university EFL students’ preferences for Different Types of written Feedback

Abstract: The present study investigated the preferences of Iranian monolingual and bilingual university EFL students for different types of written feedback. In this study, 100 participants from Tabriz and 100 participants from Tehran University ,who had participated in an essay-writing course, were chosen. For investigating the preferences of both monolingual and bilingual EFL learners, one written questionnaire was used. it included five sub-parts developed by Jalali and Abdeli (2011). The items of the five parts were designed to collect qualitative and quantitative information through the form of open-ended, yes-no, and likert-scale items. the open-ended items elicited explanations and likert scale items had five options. In order to ensure the applicability of the questionnaire, it was piloted on EFL students from similar population. The results evinced that there were some areas of agreement and also disagreement between monolingual and bilingual EFL learners’ preferences for different types of written feedback.

Keywords: Written feedback, Monolingual and Bilingual EFL learners

Pages: 67-69

13. Mihaela Diaconu
Features of Financing Innovative Enterprises

Abstract: This paper examines to what extent sources of financing of innovative companies are different from those of other firms in terms of theoretical approaches and evidence based on survey data. We show that innovative projects are based on an important component of research and development expenditures which leads to problems of information asymmetry and moral hazard and determines that equity financing be more appropriate than debt for innovative companies, especially for small and medium sized ones that are more likely to be financially constrained. Great strides have made in providing statistical data at the national or European Union in terms of reflecting the innovative activity of enterprises, but they remain insufficient in assessing the financial constraint incurred by innovative companies and the type of funding gap. These are of particularly useful for government policy in assessment of specific policies to spur innovation and reduce capital cost according to its level in the absence of market failures.

Keywords: innovation, small and medium enterprises, financial structure, financing gap, financial constraint.

Pages: 70-74

14. Tamer Karademir, Mehmet Acet, Yunus Emre Karakaya, Adnan Ersoy
Opinions on and attitudes towards Electronic Trade in the Field of Physical Education and Sports

Abstract: The opinions and attitudes of physical education teachers working in educational institutions in Turkey on and towards electronic trade, which is a social reality, is the subject of the present research. The sample of the research consists of 196 physical education teachers who work in educational institutions, under the Ministry of National Education in Turkey. The “E-trade User’s Opinion Form” which was prepared by Sevindik (1) was used in order to identify the opinions of the sample group. At the end of the research, significant differences of opinion and attitude were found among physical education teachers in terms of gender, age, educational status, e-banking usage variable, daily internet usage and monthly income variables. The research concluded that e-trade usage would gradually increase, and this would be the result of internet usage which has already become widespread. However, e-trade awareness was not adequate in Turkey; and it is widely stated that the laws which support e-trade usage are not sufficient. It can be said that legal regulations at the universal level and the raising of awareness concerning electronic trade could provide positive contributions to the expansion of e-trade at every level; and e-trade may come to have an important place in the sports sector.

Keywords: Trade, E-Trade, Sports Sector, Physical Education Teachers

Pages: 75-84

15. Ishmael D. Norman, Moses Aikins, Fred Binka
Traditional and Contrapower Sexual Harassment in Public Universities and Professional Training Institutes of Ghana

Abstract: In Ghana, the prevailing view on both Traditional and Contrapower Sexual Harassment is that they are imported medico-social concepts from the western industrialized nations, which may exist in isolated cases. This cross-sectional study was to assess the prevalence and incidence of both Traditional Sexual Harassment, (where a person in a position of power harasses a subordinate), or Contrapower Sexual Harassment, (where a subordinate is the harasser of authority figure). We also considered if financial and emotional dependence would predict either traditional or contrapower sexual harassment. We further investigated whether women were more bothered by sexual harassment than men and the correlation between sexual harassment and health. The sample consisted of (N=883) respondents in (N=19) public universities and professional training institutes. Respondents completed self-administered and anonymous survey with open-ended question about critical events within the 12 months preceding the study. We hypothesized that both traditional and contrapower harassments were prevalent in academic institutions of Ghana. We also hypothesized that the health effects were the same for both sexes in both forms of harassment. We further hypothesized that finance and emotional dependence would predict quid pro quo harassment. All three hypotheses were generally supported. The paper found that (1) both the traditional and contrapower forms of sexual harassment are prevalent in public universities and professional institutes in Ghana (n=55). (2) Women at these institutions are more likely to be sexually harassed than men. (3) The health consequences of sexual harassment in Ghana are the same as in an industrialized country. (4) Financial and emotional dependence predicted harassment. This paper discusses the implications for policy and research.

Keywords: Sexual Harassment, Health, Public Universities, Professional Training Institutes, Ghana

Pages: 85-95

16. Ibrahim Danjuma, Amran Rasli
Service quality, satisfaction And attachment in higher Education Institutions: A theory of planned Behaviour Perspective

Abstract: This article addresses the issues of service quality, satisfaction and attachment based on the application of theory of planned behaviour (TPB). This paper reviewed the literature on service quality and satisfaction, and also posits on how the concept of TPB can be applied to examine students’ level of attachment to their institutions. In the context of the higher education, the extent to which students perceive the levels of service quality in their institutions would affect their future decisions. Students are considered as customers because as fee payers, they are buying educational services for their satisfaction. Paying fees is an economic activity in the commercial sense Therefore students’ satisfaction with the overall learning environment is essential for retention and future referrals. Viewed from the marketing concept philosophy, HEIs need to go beyond satisfaction to customer delight to ensure attachment and favourable post-candidature intent. Finally, we concluded that managers of HEIs should be marketing-oriented when it comes to strategic planning. They must see their institutions as competing organisations in the crowded education industry. University managers must belief in the students- as- customers’ conceptualisation for competitive positioning and advantage.

Keywords: Theory of Planned Behaviour; Service quality; Attachment; Higher education

Pages: 96-103

17. Hatice Özaslan, Figen Gürsoy
An analysıs of the effect of a project-based Educatıon on Preschool Chıldren’s School Readıness

Abstract: This study investigates the effects of a project-based education programme on preschool children’s school readiness. The study sample consisted of 42 children. A pretest–posttest control group experimental design was used. To obtain background information about the children and their families, a General Information Form was used. To evaluate the children’s pretest and posttest levels of school readiness, the 6^th version of the Metropolitan Readiness Test was utilized. While no significant difference was found between the experimental and control groups’ pretest score means, a significant difference was observed between their posttest score means. Based on these results, it is recommended that educators in preschool education programmes should use project works more frequently.

Keywords: Preschool education, school readiness, prereading and writing skills, project approach, project method

Pages: 104-108

18. Smita Borah, S.C. Kakaty
Analysing dynamics of movement and length-of-stay of patients within a hospital: A Markov chain and a Semi-Markov chain approach

Abstract: This paper aims at studying the flow of cardiac patients within the hospital under study viz., Guwahati Neurological Research Centre (GNRC), Assam, India; through Markov Chain approach. Data of 4515 cardiac patients are collected from GNRC Heart Institute during the time period 2007 to 2010. An attempt is made to observe the dynamics of changes of states by the patients within the hospital. Here, the definition of a state is a care unit in which the patient stays. This state definition is simpler to administer, especially when patients of different diagnoses are included in the model. Absorbing states are defined to be the state of discharge and state of death. Moreover, semi- Markov approach has been applied to study the expected length-of-stay of the patients in the various hospital care units (states) as well as in the hospital being exploited the information documented in the Hospital Information System.

Keywords: Markov chain, transition probability matrix, fundamental matrix, absorbing Markov chain, semi-Markov chain, absorbing semi-Markov chain

Pages: 109-117

19. Mir Ayyoob Tabatabaei
The Effect of Practicing with Cloze-elide texts on Iranian Intermediate Monolingual and Bilingual EFL Learners’ Performance in Multiple-Choice Tests of Reading Comprehension

Abstract: This paper investigated the effects of redundantly-loaded texts, namely, cloze-elide texts, on Iranian monolingual and bilingual intermediate EFL learners’ ability in answering multiple-choice tests of reading comprehension. eighty students out of 120 students were chosen through non-random judgment sampling and ,based on their language status (monolingual and bilingual), and were randomly divided into two experimental and two control groups, each group consisting of 20 homogeneous students (i.e., group A as monolingual experimental, group B as monolingual control, group C bilingual experimental, and group D bilingual control groups). The experimental groups were instructed to practice with cloze-elide texts during the post-reading reading phase, while the control groups received the placeboes of reading comprehension materials. The treatment period on the experimental groups lasted five weeks (two sessions each week). The mean scores of the experimental and that of the control groups were compared through a two-way Analysis of Variance (two-way ANOVA). The results showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups’ performance in Multiple-choice tests of reading comprehension (p<.05). Additionally, the results indicated a significant difference between the monolingual and bilingual EFL learners’ performance in Multiple-choice tests of reading comprehension (P<.05). On the other hand, the two-way analysis of variance showed no significant interaction between the main effects (group and language) in reading comprehension test scores. As a result it can be concluded that although experimental groups outperformed control ones, practicing with cloze-elide texts affects Bilingual EFL learners’ performance more positively than monolingual ones. However, it is concluded that the significance difference between the pre-test and post-test scores was not due to the interaction between the group and language as the two independent variables of the study.

Keywords: Cloze-elide, Monolingual and Bilingual EFL Learners, Multiple-choice tests, Reading comprehension.

Pages: 118-128

20. Abdelkabir Charkaoui, Abdellah Ait Ouahman , Brahim Bouayyad
Modeling the Logistics Performance in Developing Countries: An exploratory study of Moroccan context

Abstract: Moroccan geographical position allows its companies to participate in international supply chains. Therefore, these companies are forced to raise their levels of logistics performance. This article is a research progress; it presents a literature review on the supply chain performance and proposes a research model that identifies factors explaining this performance for Moroccan SMEs.

Keywords: Supply Chain, SCMP, Technological Practices, Supply Chain performance, Morocco

Pages: 129-135

21. Nicolas Karanikolas, Evanthia Louka
The effect of metro station on commercial values of residential properties. The case study of Thessaloniki, Greece before the completion of the metro project construction

Abstract: This paper investigates how a new transit system, like the new metropolitan subway in Thessaloniki, Greece changes property values (only purchase) of nearby parcels before the announcement of the metro construction and during the structure period. In other words, it concentrates on evaluating the impact from the subway system development in Thessaloniki on residential land values, exclusively, in the vicinity of it. Specifically, the survey focuses on two separate areas where construction works are still in progress. These areas adopted as study areas are of 300 m radius around 2 stations of the main metro line (Ag. Sophia and Flemming Station). The data, that needed to assess the changes in property prices by the presence of a new mode of transport, were collected between May 2010 and June 2010 and included a total of 100 units in each study area, from which the 1/3 consisted the most representative sample. Using a large quantity of data from individuals and real-estate agencies interviews and analyzing them before and after announcement and before the completion comparisons, the results show an increase of about 11.3% and 5.5% respectively in residential values within 50m and 100m from the Flemming station site. As the distance increases, values fall except in properties in major roads around the station where values remain constant. Regarding the Ag. Sophia station, the results indicate that distance from the subway station has an insignificant effect on property values situated on the right handside of Egnatia street. Only properties situated on the other side of Egnatia Street are influenced positively from the metro construction. (Between 18.9% and 29%) Apart from that, changes in values examined by also taking into account the factor of the mean annual inflation (www.bankofgreece.gr). Through this point of view, the values revaluated and the percentage of changes reassigned. This factor leads to a bit different conclusions: In Flemming Station, prices increase more slowly closer to the station while within the range of less than 100 m not only increase but also fall. In major roads they decrease modestly compared to the values of properties located between 100 and 300 meters, where the average price fall is higher. In Ag. Sophia region, when taking into account the annual inflation rate throughout the years of study, one can see that the actual property prices (on the left hand-side of Egnatia street) increase at a smaller rate than the one that the market prices presented. On the other side of Egnatia Street prices decrease at a bigger rate.

Keywords: Metro station, metro project construction, residential property values, proximity, annual inflation, Ag. Sophia, Flemming, Thessaloniki, Greece.

Pages: 136-143

22. Eman Salman Taie
Distance education: as a Paradigm shift in postgraduate nursing education in Egypt

Abstract: Background- Distance education (DE) for nurses is a growing enterprise in many countries, and many nursing and non-nursing organizations have reported the need for flexible and innovative delivery methods in education. Aim- to explore if it is possible for post graduate nursing education in Egypt to be shifted into distance education. Methods- A cross-sectional analytical design was used in this study. The study was conducted in different governorates all over Egypt. Subjects were composed of three groups all over Egypt. The first group comprised of post graduate students in faculties of nursing; the second group was internship students as future candidates in different faculties of nursing, and third group was nurse leaders from different hospitals either private or governmental. Data was collected by using several tools as semi-structured interview sheet, distance education perception questionnaire and online distance education questionnaire. Findings- The majority of the studied sample lack knowledge about DE. Nurse leaders listed several barriers hindering them to continue their education as time constrains, nature of nursing work, traveling long distances to campus, family obligations and the financial burden of a DE. The entire study sample perceived DE positively because it offers free times and places, opportunity for career/adult education, new teaching/learning approaches, meets students’ needs for more independence in their learning, improves communication between student and teacher and can work with schedule. While, negative perceptions were need high competency in computer skills, lack of student training in technical issues in DE, uncomfortable with on-line courses and poor networking in some places. The online distance education questionnaire results revealed that more than half of the study sample DE was the best alternative for them. Conclusion- The entire study sample was not aware of basic knowledge about DE. Nurse leaders listed several barriers hindering them to continue their education. Meanwhile, the majority of the study sample perceived DE positively. While, some of them perceived DE negatively. The online distance education questionnaire results revealed that more than half of the study sample DE was the best alternative for them.

Keywords: Distance education, nurse leader, post graduate, barriers, nursing education.

Pages: 144-154

23. Rajni Dhingra, Nitu sharma
Assessment of divergent thinking ability of school children (6-9 years)

Abstract: The present paper is based on the assessment of divergent thinking skills of 600 school children ( 6 - 9 years both boys and girls ) representing academic grades I, II and III selected representively from various schools in Jammu (J &K) . Standardized Divergent Production Ability test devised by K N Sharma (1971) was administered to each child in order to assess his / her divergent thinking ability. The battery of divergent production abilities contains six tests for measurement of Eight abilities which are Word production test (Word fluency), Uses of things test (Ideational fluency as well as Spontaneous flexibility), Similarity test (Associational fluency), Sentence construction test (Expressional fluency) , Title test (Adaptive flexibility as well as Originality) and Solution test (Elaboration). Results obtained after data analysis indicate that the mean value scores of Word fluency, Ideational fluency, Expressional fluency, Adaptive flexibility and Originality component of boys indicated a declining trend with an increase in academic grades. The mean value scores of Word fluency, Ideational fluency, and Spontaneous flexibility among girls showed a progressive increase with advancing academic grades. It was also found that in all the three grades girls children scored higher on Ideational fluency, Associational fluency and Adaptive flexibility as compared to boys. Statistically no difference was found on creativity scores of all the three academic grades. Results have been compared with previous studies to draw inferences about the trends in development of divergent thinking skills. The study has implications for children, parents, teachers and professionals in the field of child development and can be used to provide inputs for enhancement of divergent thinking skills among children.

Keywords: Creative Thinking, Middle-Childhood, Gender Differences, Academic Grades, Children’s Thought.

Pages: 155-162

24. Zekiye Özkan, Zişan Kazak Çetinkalp, Mustafa Baş
Determining the perceptions of success and situational motivation levels of the long-distance runners

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the perceptions of success and situational motivation levels of the long-distance runners. The participants of this study are 172 long-distance runners who are 69 females and 103 males with a mean of age 20.97 ± 2.07 years. The Perception of Success Questionnaire and The Situational Motivation Scale were used to assess perception of success and situational motivation levels of participants, respectively. Results indicated that male long-distance runners’ intrinsic motivation and external regulation scores were higher than females’. In addition, ego orientation was negatively related to amotivation in long-distance runners.

Keywords: Perception of success, situational motivation, long-distance runners.

Pages: 163-166

25. V. Bocharova
Inception and development of social pedagogy in Russia

Abstract: The article traces the origins and consecutive development of social pedagogy in Russia. Its features as a sphere of research, practice and professional training are described.

Keywords: comprehensive socio-educational environment, state and public mechanisms, family-centered paradigm of social development, professional competence in the area of social pedagogy.

Pages: 168-169

26. G. Reprintzeva
Binary activity of the family social pedagogue in the open educational space

Abstract: Two basic trends in the family social pedagogue activity are considered, harmonizing relations inside and outside the family, in the open space, proceeding from understanding of the binary nature of the family as an integral system.

Keywords: family, binary nature, family social pedagogue, harmonization of relations.

Pages: 170-171

27. M.Shakurova
Development of the socio-cultural identity of schoolchildren as a socio-pedagogical problem

Abstract: Thus, social-pedagogical conditionality of formation and development socio-cultural identity concern limitation and relativity in each specific case can have both positive and negative consequences for dynamics and registration of separate characteristics of socio-cultural identity of schoolchildren. These given reasons confirm necessity of introduction in the field of the social-pedagogical analysis formation of the process socio-cultural identity of a person.

Keywords: social education, sociocultural identity of schoolchildren, the socially-pedagogica, cultural identity, socio-cultural identity.

Pages: 172-174

28. I. Lipsky
Dialectics of the object and subject of social pedagogy

Abstract: Social pedagogy is the science and practice of harmonisation of the person and their social environment interaction and of their preparation for this interaction. Thus, the logic of identification of the object and subject of social pedagogy objectively assumes the initial definition of the part (that is object) of social pedagogy practice and of its aspect (that is subject) which will subsequently define the object of the social pedagogy theory. The theoretical conclusions received from studying the subject of social pedagogy find their place within the objective area of social pedagogical education to provide the preparation of social pedagogy personnel for practical activities. This chain of objects and subjects of various qualitative states of social pedagogy constitutes the substance of logic and gnosiological section of methodology of social pedagogy

Keywords: cognition, scientific transformation and scientific education, object and subject of social pedagogy.

Pages: 175-178

29. V. Basovа
The formation of social competence of graduates - the condition of the success of their professional socialization

Abstract: Professional socialization in this context is interpreted as a set of social and educational activities specifically organized to enable the employee to acquire the future system of attitudes, norms and values of the social role of the professional mastered. The main aim of this socialization is the integration of graduates into the profession, identification with a particular model of a professional. As a result it could be specified that the social competence of future counselors reflects social relationships in the systems "person-person", "person-group", "person-society", "person-world", involves individual awareness of the social life, the character of client’s social and personal problems, a willingness to engage in dialogue with different people and institutes, the ability to make decisions in accordance with society’s specific regulatory requirements, ownership of the organization means of safe life.

Keywords: social competence of graduates, professional socialization, integral development of social representations, training of future social workers.

Pages: 179-181

30. O. Prokhorovа
Socio-pedagogical infrastructure of child-rearing practices

Abstract: The socio-pedagogical infrastructure of child-rearing practices is the objects system (buildings, constructions) which are important for the children’s life-support, state agencies and institutions coordination apart the organizationally-legal forms and property category.

Keywords: socio-pedagogical infrastructure, child-rearing practices, socio-pedagogical human.

Pages: 182-183

31. M. Plotkin
Social pedagogy and its educational potential: A socio-pedagogical analysis

Abstract: The article shows the educational potential of modern social pedagogy as an academic discipline and as an area of social practice. Major trends in the present-day development of the former are described.

Keywords: universal human values, social upbringing, socialization, social adaptation.

Pages: 184-186

32. T. Furyaeva
Context-semantic strategy of developing higher professional social education

Abstract: For us, such real existence in the professional training must be represented to an innovative social of reality that cannot be replaced by separate episodes, situations and events. But it is not only involving a person into the whole complete context of innovative organization of social practice, but also their active participation in the changing will allow all the participants of educational process to make their own attitude and change their identity. Modern university professional practice is in an active search of organizational forms of joint activity of the employer and the university.

Keywords: modern practice of higher education, clearly stated, teachers and employers.

Pages: 187-189

33. I. Akhyamova
Social-pedagogical paradigm of the culture of nonverbal communication among students

Abstract: The article is about social-pedagogical meaning of the culture of nonverbal communication among students and the approach to its formation.

Keywords: culture of communication, culture of nonverbal communication.

Pages: 190-192

34. A. Belinskaya
Conflicts in socio-pedagogical sphere: their personal determinants

Abstract: The article analysis the psychological aspects of conflict proneness as it functions in the school framework. The author considers socio-psychological factors behind conflicts as well as personal conflict resistance in various situation of school interaction.

Keywords: conflict in school, conflict proneness, conflict resistance.

Pages: 193-194

35. N. Morova
Scholar school "Social rehabilitation of disabled children": from founding to modern practice

Abstract: Along with general criteria typical of most scholar schools, the scholar school “Social rehabilitation of disabled children” has its distinguishing features. It can be explained by the urgent need, both in Russia and Mari El Republic, in social and pedagogical ideas dealing with childhood, early childhood in particular. The scholar school can establish itself as the technological means of developing social science and practice, the synthesis of which will enrich social pedagogics with new ideas and solutions.

Keywords: social rehabilitation of disabled children, scholar school, professional training for specialists.

Pages: 195-197

36. Marina Guryanova
Socio-pedagogical resources for the revival of Russian rural community

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the research of socio-pedagogical resources aimed on the revival of Russian rural community.

Keywords: social pedagogics of the rural community, rural social pedagogue, socio-cultural center.

Pages: 198-199