Vol. 4. No. 4. July, 2012

  DOI: 10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4


PART A. APPLIED AND NATURAL SCIENCES

1. Bualkar Abdullah, Yono Hadi Pramono, Eddy Yahya
Analysis and characterization impedance of Microstrip slot antenna 3 array double Bowtie with CPW for 2.4 GHz communication

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.1

Abstract: Double Bowtie Microstrip slot antenna 3 array using coplanar waveguide have been fabricated and characterized with FR4 substrate material. The parameter structure of antenna must be fixed to have a matching impedance with 50 ohm and operated on 2.4 GHz of resonance frequency. The dimension of the whole panel antenna is 250 x 170 mm, it is consisting of tree wide and narrow slot Bowtie structures. It has a large size slot Bowtie is 85 x 30 mm and the small one is 38 x 20 mm. The characterization impedance of antenna is measured by using Vector Network Analyzer. The results show that the proposed antenna have Impedance 48.03 ohm, RL -16.1 dB, Bandwidth 1.03 GHz , VSWR 1.38 and Gain 9.62. The results indicate that the proposed microstrip structure be at the span wideband 2.4 – 2.4835 GHz and aplicable to use in wireless communication.

Keywords: Panel antenna, microstrip, characterization

Pages: 5-10

Cite this article:

B. Abdullah, Y.H. Pramono, E. Yahya. Analysis and characterization impedance of microstrip slot antenna 3 array double bowtie with CPW for 2.4 GHz communication. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 5-10.

2. Fatma H. Abd El-Zaher, M.H.A. Shams El-Din, M. Fadel
Perspectives for appropriating distilled yeast to be reused in bakery

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.2

Abstract: The object of this study was to appropriate the biomass of yeast left after ethanol generation to be used as baker’s yeast. Diversified factors affect fermentation by yeast including washing, time, molasses and urea fortification and aeration. As fermentation proceeds, the fermentation potency of yeast decreased from 470 to 270 cm³CO₂/5gm at an alcohol concentration of 5.5% (v/v) and 10.4 % (v/v) respectively. Successive washing of the yeast biomass left after ethanol generation increased the fermentation potency of yeast cells till the 3rd time of sampling from 510 to 525 and to 535 cm³CO₂/5gm respectively after the 1^st, 2^nd, and 3^rd washings at the ethanol concentration 5.5%. The same trend was obtained at 10.4% (v/v) ethanol concentration, where successive washing raised the fermentation potency of yeast cells from 315 to 335 and to 350 cm³CO₂/5gm respectively after the 1^st, 2^nd, and 3^rd washings. Intensity of the initial yeast inoculums affected also the fermentation potency. Fortification with urea as enriched N in the fermentation medium was reflected on shortening the fermentation period. Aeration ( v/v ) associated with urea fortification raised the fermentation potency nearly to the same of baker’s yeast in Egyptian factories as well as yeast yield was doubled compared to sole fortification with urea.

Keywords: Distilled yeast , washing, fermentation potency, urea fortification, molasses

Pages: 11-16

Cite this article:

Fatma H. Abd El-Zaher, M.H.A. Shams El-Din, M. Fadel. Perspectives for appropriating distilled yeast to be reused in bakery. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 11-16.

3. Dalia Ahmed Khairy AbdelLatif, Rania Nabil Sabry, Gihan A. Fathy, Iman R. Youness
The effect of phototherapy on the oxidant stress status in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.3

Abstract: The newborn is very susceptible to free radical induced oxidative damage. It has recently been demonstrated that phototherapy is an oxidative stress and can cause lipid peroxidation.Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) level is a sensitive indicator of lipid peroxidation and thus of oxidative stress. Nitric oxide (NO) also plays a complex role in free radical–mediated injury and has been found to mediate a variety of functions at the cellular level. The aim of our work was to determine the effect of phototherapy on the oxidant status of neonates with hyperbilirubinemia. The study was performed in the outborn Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) in Cairo University Pediatric Hospital on 50 near and full term neonates presenting with neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia with Total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels indicated for phototherapy and 20 healthy neonates were taken as the control group. Serum Malondialdehyde and Nitric oxide levels on admission were significantly higher in neonates with hyperbilirubinemia than the controls. After 12 hour exposure to phototherapy, MDA levels were significantly reduced while NO levels were significantly elevated in relation to their values before phototherapy. In conclusion, neonates with hyperbilirubinemia were found to have increased oxidative stress than healthy neonates but with no correlation found with TSB levels. The use of phototherapy was associated with significantly decreased serum MDA levels and significantly increased NO levels. Further studies using multiple parameters for assessing the oxidant status during phototherapy are needed.

Keywords: neonate, hyperbilirubinemia, oxidative stress

Pages: 17-22

Cite this article:

D.A.K. AbdelLatif, R.N. Sabry, G.A. Fathy, I.R. Youness. The effect of phototherapy on the oxidant stress status in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 17-22.

4. Soedibyo, Imam Robandi, Mochamad Ashari
Fuzzy logic based decentralized voltage stabilization controller for microhydro/wind/fuel cell hybrid power system

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.4

Abstract: This paper presented voltage stabilization performances of microhydro/ wind/ fuel cell hybrid power system which was maintained by three independent fuzzy logic controllers. The fuzzy controllers adjusted the duty cycle of dc-dc converters, which were attached in the microhydro, wind, and hydrogen generators. The input of the fuzzy senses was renewable sources and ac bus voltage, to stabilize the voltage. The fuel cell and hydrogen generator were complement to balance when system was lack or excess power. Simulation results showed that the voltage could be maintained constant at 220 Volt and remained stable under load fluctuations.

Keywords: Hybrid, Microhydro, Wind, Fuel Cell, Fuzzy Logic Controller

Pages: 23-33

Cite this article:

Soedibyo, I. Robandi, M. Ashari. Fuzzy logic based decentralized voltage stabilization controller for microhydro/wind/fuel cell hybrid power system. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 23-33.

5. Manuel Alberto M. Ferreira, Marina Andrade, José António Filipe
Weak convergence in Hilbert spaces

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.5

Abstract: In order to generalize the Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem, a weaker notion of convergence is introduced. The results presented are in the domain of real Hilbert spaces.

Keywords: Hilbert spaces, Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem, weak convergence

Pages: 34-36

Cite this article:

M.A. M. Ferreira, M. Andrade, J.A. Filipe. Weak convergence in Hilbert spaces. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 34-36.

6. Mohamed Mokhles Abou-Seida, Gamal H. Elsaeed, Tarek Mohamed Salaheldin Mostafa,
Elzahry Farouk Mohamed Elzahry
Experimental investigation of local three-dimensional flow field around bridge abutments in non-cohesive and cohesive soils

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.6

Abstract: The flow field around the vertical-wall abutments is investigated through detailed three-dimensional velocity measurements performed after reaching equilibrium scour bed for non cohesive soil as well as cohesive soil. Velocity measurements are taken upstream, downstream and on the side of the abutment by using the Acoustic velocity Doppler (ADV). The stagnation pressure gradient leads to downward deflection of the flow to form the downward flow at the upstream side of the abutment. The primary vortex formed at the upstream side of the abutment near the bottom rotates in downstream direction adjacent to the side of the abutment in a spiral motion. The primary vortex and secondary vortex created at the side of the abutment by flow separation extend around the abutment from side in downstream direction to form wake vortices. The flow field is used to explain the scour pattern at the vertical-wall abutments. The velocity measurements are useful for the development and validation of future flow field numerical models, which can be incorporated with scour model to estimate scour depth at bridge abutments.

Keywords: Bridge abutment; cohesive soil; non-cohesive soil; experimentation; open channel flow; 3d flow field

Pages: 37-50

Cite this article:

M.M. Abou-Seida, G.H. Elsaeed, T.M.S. Mostafa, E.F.M. Elzahry. Experimental investigation of local three-dimensional flow field around bridge abutments in non-cohesive and cohesive soils. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 37-50.

7. Abdullah Mamoun Hattab, Abdulameer Khalaf Hussain
Hybrid statistical and morpho-syntactical Arabic language diacritizing system

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.7

Abstract: This paper represents a hybrid Arabic diacritizing system. The objective of this paper is to build a system to diacritize Arabic text automatically using statistical language model and morph-syntactical language models. The first part of this system determines the most likely diacritics by choosing the full-form Arabic sub-sentence diacritization with highest weight and probability estimation. The second part of the system factorizes and tokenizes each Arabic word into its possible morpho-syntactical constituent’s pattern, prefix, suffix, stem and root. After that this part selects the most likely diacritization sequence from deferent factorizations of the word. Most of the previous works on diacritization depends on tools such as Hidden Markov Model Toolkit (HTK) and/or higher linguistic knowledge such as morphology and syntax only, while this system uses statistical machine translation algorithm and ELXIRFM morphological analyzer. The accuracy rate of this hybrid system is higher than the rates of traditional studies with larger domain of Arabic words.

Keywords: Natural language processing, Automatic Arabic diacritization, Arabic vocalization, Arabic machine translating, Hybrid Arabic diacritizer

Pages: 51-56

Cite this article:

A.M. Hattab, A.K. Hussain. Hybrid statistical and morpho-syntactical Arabic language diacritizing system. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 51-56.


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8. Ionuţ Balan
A parallel hybrid cooperative model for optimization problems solving

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.8

Abstract: In this paper are presented results for different configurations for two techniques used to solve optimization problems, results obtained on different hardware architectures. Starting from the sequential version, to obtain satisfactory results there are used parallel architectures and cooperative models in the problem solving. In this paper the first model, whose results are presented, consists of an algorithm (genetic or ant colony) which is running on different nodes with different parameters, and another second model involves running of different techniques on different nodes , with different parameters.

Keywords: parallel computing; hybrid; optimization methods; cooperative methods; island model; genetic algorithm; ant colony

Pages: 57-62

Cite this article:

I. Balan. A parallel hybrid cooperative model for optimization problems solving. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 57-62.

9. Gelu Nuţu, Vasile Neculăiasa, Ion Antonescu, Eugen Enculescu, Feodor Filipov, Sergiu Lungu
Influence of sharpening angle of cutting blades and of stem inclination angle during cutting process on energy consumption of harvesters

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.9

Abstract: The paper presents a study of the influence factors on energy consumption of the harvesters during the cutting process, focusing on the of the sharpening angle of the cutting edges of blades and the inclination angle of the stem during the cutting process. Blades with smooth and serrated cutting edges with the usual angle of 20°, and with modified angles of 15° and 10°, were tested on a testing device developed by the authors. Tests were performed using stems of: Maize (Zea mays); Triticale (Triticosecale) and Alfalfa (Medicago sativa). The inclination angles of stems were of 90° and of 45°. The diagrams of variation of force, displacement and mechanical work are presented and discussed.

Keywords: energy consumption; harvester blades; angle of the cutting edges; angle of the stem

Pages: 63-69

Cite this article:

G. Nuţu, V. Neculăiasa, I. Antonescu, E. Enculescu, F. Filipov, S. Lungu. Influence of sharpening angle of cutting blades and of stem inclination angle during cutting process on energy consumption of harvesters. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 63-69.

10. Hanan Abd-Allah El-Gamal, Sally Mohamed Saber, Manal Ebrahim El-Hassaneen
Administration of fluconazole as prophylactic systemic antifungal in very low birth weight preterm neonates

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.10

Abstract: Background: Preterm neonates in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) are highly prone to invasive fungal infection (IFI). Candida species is the third most frequent causal agent of late-onset sepsis (LOS) in preterm neonate very low birth weight. Reducing fungal colonization may prevent the development of IFI of preterm infants. Therefore it is necessary to use antifungal prophylaxis with Fluconazole in order to reduce fungal colonization and systemic fungal infection in very low birth weight neonates. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of prophylactic systemic Fluconazole in preventive fungal colonization and invasion in very low birth weight neonates. Methodology: the study was done on one hundred preterm neonates admitted in NICU Al–Galaa Teaching Hospital during the period from April 2009 to June 2010. Neonates were subdivided into; Group A: 50 VLBW neonates received 3mg/kg Fluconazole intravenous for four weeks, every third day for the first 2 weeks and then every other day during the third and fourth weeks; Group B: 50 VLBW as a control did not receive Fluconazole. For both groups’ baseline and weekly, throat swab, endotracheal aspirate, and blood culture were done. For group A liver function tests were done weekly to assess safety of the drug. Results: The 50 infants randomly assigned to Fluconazole and the 50 control infants were cross matched in terms of birth weight, gestational age at birth and base-line risk factors for fungal infection. During the four weeks treatment period, fungal colonization was detected in 15 infants in control group (30%) and 5 infants in Fluconazole group (10%) (P value 0.012 significant). Invasive fungal infection (proved with positive fungal growth in the blood culture); developed in 5 infants (10%) in the control group and none of infants in Fluconazole group were developed invasive fungal infection (P value 0.022 significant). No adverse effect of Fluconazole therapy was found. Conclusion: Prophylactic administration of Fluconazole during the first four weeks of life is effective in preventing fungal colonization and invasive fungal infection in infant with very low birth weight (1001-1500gms).

Keywords: Fluconazole; very low birth weight (VLBW); fungal colonization; invasive fungal infection (IFI)

Pages: 70-78

Cite this article:

H. Abd-Allah El-Gamal, S.M. Saber, M.E. El-Hassaneen. Administration of fluconazole as prophylactic systemic antifungal in very low birth weight preterm neonates. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 70-78.

11. Abay Baimukhametov
Dynamics of eccentric deviation of the Earth's internal core

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.11

Abstract: The oscillatory mode of movement of an internal solid core of the Earth is studied. Numerical parameters are received at various initial deviations. The period of fluctuations is found at the account and without forces of viscous resistance. The problem is considered in statement about progress of two heavenly bodies. Numerical calculation is spent for systems «Earth – Moon», «Earth – Sun».

Keywords: Earth, internal solid core, viscous external core, eccentricity, deviation, gravitational field, drawing center, oscillating motion

Pages: 79-83

Cite this article:

A. Baimukhametov. Dynamics of eccentric deviation of the Earth's internal core. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 79-83.

12. Robabeh Chanpa, Leila Yahyayi
Information and Communication technology and its effect on tourism industry of Khoy-Iran

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.12

Abstract: Tourism is one of the most important sections in economics of countries. Tourism industry has experimental instant growth and has made employments in other related industries. As same as the financial activities, this industry has increased employments especially in transformational fields, retailing, and welfare services and so on. Doing so it has playing an important role in developing livelihood in depending areas like local and rural guides, selling household and art crafts. Attracting tourists depends on information. So information and communication technology can play significant role in related activities to tourism. Information technology particularly Internet can provide innovative ways in presenting traveling services and products sales cycle. This article is related to using information and communication technology in tourism and increasing innovation and progress in it and it surveys its effect on increasing tourism in cultural and historical city of Khoy.

Keywords: Tourism, Internet, Information and communication technology

Pages: 84-88

Cite this article:

R. Chanpa, L. Yahyayi. Information and Communication technology and its effect on tourism industry of Khoy-Iran. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 84-88.

13. Leila Yahyayi, Robabeh Chanpa
Selecting the best routing algorithm for Q-learning with topsis-fuzzy method

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.13

Abstract: Packet transmission process from a source to destination in networks is called routing. Reinforcement learning has been widely used in routing problems in recent years. Q-Routing algorithm is one from of reinforcement learning and it's also a routing algorithm to send packets from neighbors on the basis of learned rout information. In paper a new method of multi criteria decision making. On the basis of fuzzy-topsis used with simulation of indefinite algorithms driven from Q-Routing algorithm, By obtaining different parameters such as packet delivery rate, network load and so on. As we know determining a valuable and precise Amount for an alternative can be difficult. In this paper tops is method has been used for attributing amounts with fuzzy data to compare presented algorithms.

Keywords: Reinforcement learning, Q-learning, fuzzy multi criteria decision making

Pages: 89-94

Cite this article:

L. Yahyayi, R. Chanpa. Selecting the best routing algorithm for Q-learning with topsis-fuzzy method. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 89-94.

14. Manuel Alberto M. Ferreira, José António Filipe
Managing idle equipment. A model for idle motor vehicles dismantling and recycling

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.14

Abstract: The M|G|∞ queue system where customers arrive according to a Poisson process at rate λ is considered in this study. With this model we intend to analyze a situation in which motor vehicles arrive at the system getting idle and leave the system as soon as they are recycled or dismantled. Both situations are modelled with the same purpose in the model. The model allows us to conclude that when the rate of dismantling and recycling of motor vehicles is greater than the rate at which they become idle, the system has a tendency to get balanced.

Keywords: M|G|∞ queue system, Poisson process, idle equipment, conventional energy, motor vehicles, recycling, dismantling

Pages: 95-97

Cite this article:

M.A.M. Ferreira, J.A. Filipe. Managing idle equipment. A model for idle motor vehicles dismantling and recycling. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 95-97.

15. Mai M. Youssef, Safinaz El-Toukhy, Hanaa Wafay, Ebtissam M. Salah, Samar M.E. Salem,
Hala S. Megahed, Manal A. Mohsen
The association of vitamin D status and parathormone level with obesity in Egyptian school children

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.15

Abstract: Background: The prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity has increased during the past decades. The roles of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) are discussed controversially in obesity, and studies of these hormones in obese children are limited. Objective: To assess the relationships between 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25-OH D), PTH, body composition and anthropometric variables in obese children. Subjects/Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted including 86 children aged 9-11 years. They were classified according to their body mass index into 62 obese (mean BMI 29.48±3.49) and 24 non-obese (mean BMI 18.88±1.26) children. Records were made of their height, body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumferences, and skin fold thickness of triceps, biceps, subscapular & supra-iliac. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) D) and human Parathormone (hPTH) concentrations were measured using quantitative enzyme immunoassay. Additionally, calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were assayed in serum. Results: vitamin D deficiency was found to be more frequent in the obese children. Fifty two percent of them were found to be deficient and 42% were insufficient, compared to 8% and 25% of non-obese children respectively. Obese children had significantly lower mean serum 25 (OH) D levels (30.07±11.54 nmol/L) as compared to normal weight children (50.734±8.87 nmol/L) (p < 0.001). PTH levels were significantly higher in obese children. A strong inverse association was evident between 25-OH D, PTH levels and parameters of whole-body obesity (defined by the BMI), parameters o parameters of abdominal fat (waist circumference) and total body fat percentage. Using a multiple linear regression analysis, parameters of subcutaneous fat (sum of skinfold thickness) was an independent predictor of vitamin D level, parameters of whole-body obesity (defined by the BMI) was an independent predictor of PTH. Conclusion: 25(OH) D and PTH concentrations are associated with body composition variables especially sum of skinfold thickness and BMI. Therefore, body adiposity should be considered when assessing vitamin D requirements in obese subjects. Randomized intervention studies are needed to ascertain the effect of improving vitamin D status in children on the risk of obesity and other risk factors for chronic disease.

Keywords: Children, adolescents, 25 (OH) D, obesity, parathyroid hormone, anthropometric measurements

Pages: 98-107

Cite this article:

Mai M. Youssef, Safinaz El-Toukhy, Hanaa Wafay, Ebtissam M. Salah, Samar M.E. Salem, Hala S. Megahed, Manal A. Mohsen. The association of vitamin D status and parathormone level with obesity in Egyptian school children. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 98-107.

16. Mojtaba Nazari, Ramin Kazemi
Some distributional properties of record range of uniform distribution

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.16

Abstract: Suppose T_nu be the largest observation after observing nth record and T_nl be the smallest observation after observing the nth record. Let R_n = T_nu - T_nl(n≥2), as nth record range. We will consider some distributional properties of R_n when ƒ(Χ) = θ^-1, 0<χ<θ. In this paper we calculate the joint pdf of R_m and R_n and the best linear least squares predictor, R_n+k.

Keywords: uniform distribution, record range, expectation, variance, Markov chain, best linear least square predictor.

Pages: 108-111

Cite this article:

M. Nazari, R. Kazemi. Some distributional properties of record range of uniform distribution. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 108-111.

17. Ramin Kazemi
On the pherases in Lempel-Ziv parsing algorithm

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.17

Abstract: The Lempel-Ziv parsing algorithms partitions a sequence of length n into variable phrases such that a new phrase is the shortest substring not seen in the past as a phrase. In this paper we obtain an asymptotics for the second moment of the number of phrases of length κ built over a string generated by a Bernoulli model through the relation between this algorithm and digital search tree. This result is derived by applying analytic combinatorics.

Keywords: Lempel-Ziv parsing algorithm, phrases, digital search tree, the second moment

Pages: 112-115

Cite this article:

R. Kazemi. On the pherases in Lempel-Ziv parsing algorithm. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 112-115.

18. C.I.C. Anyadiegwu, E.E. Anyanwu
Estimation of storage capacity of an underground gas storage reservoir

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.18

Abstract: In gas storage fields, some storage reservoirs are bigger and contain more gas than others. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate the volume of gas that a gas storage reservoir can contain at its full capacity during injection and such volume of gas is also expected to be delivered by the reservoir during withdrawal. Reservoir and Fluid data were obtained from an oilfield located in the Eastern part of Niger Delta in Nigeria. Volumetric Equation developed with the functions from the data was applied in the first step of the estimation to obtain the storage capacity as 8.8 Bscf. The Microsoft Visual Basic Program written based on the volumetric equation also estimated the storage capacity to be the same.

Keywords: storage, capacity, equation, volumetric, reservoir, gas, underground, withdrawal, pressure, inventory.

Pages: 116-122

Cite this article:

C.I.C. Anyadiegwu, E.E. Anyanwu. Estimation of storage capacity of an underground gas storage reservoir. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 116-122.

19. C.I.C. Anyadiegwu, A.C. Udie, E. Egele
Application of microsoft visual basic program for drilling cost computation

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.19

Abstract: Estimating drilling cost using Microsoft Visual Basic (MVB) computer program was examined in this paper. Comprehensive drilling cost formula was derived from the existing formulae, in which a new parameter known as host community cost (HCC) was introduced. Introduction of the new parameter makes the derived drilling cost formula a comprehensive and more reliable one. The host community cost covers; cost of acquiring the location, cost of provision of basic amenities, cost of access road to the location, and cost of settlement of unrest within the community. A Microsoft visual basic computer program based on the new derived formulae was developed. The application provides room for the effective implementation of the drilling program, helps in rural development, improves host community versus company relationship and finally saves time and cost.

Keywords: rotary drilling, oil rig, oil well, cost estimation, host community, Microsoft visual basic.

Pages: 123-129

Cite this article:

C.I.C. Anyadiegwu, A.C. Udie, E. Egele. Application of microsoft visual basic program for drilling cost computation. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 123-129.

20. Hanan F. Aly
Challenges in developing vaccines in parasitic diseases with special references to schistosomiasis

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.20

Abstract: The time has come to extend our knowlede about the immunological response to the vaccine candidates and their capability to protect against schistosome infection through controlled clinical trials. Ethical considerations would be satisfied by the provision of protection and the assurance of safety through effective drugs with few side effects. As chronic schistosomiasis must be expected to be common in any study area the potential of exacerbation is, however, an issue to take into account. Although we shall need to continue learning from animal models, in particular in relation to peptide /protein candidates and schistosme – related DNA vaccines, further progress will require shifting the focus to large – scale production and Phase I trail design. Many critical questions can only be answered by safety – first, well controlled clinical trials and it is now appropriate to move that direction.

Keywords: Schistosoma mansoni, parasites, infection, vaccines, infectious diseases.

Pages: 130-143

Cite this article:

Hanan F. Aly. Challenges in developing vaccines in parasitic diseases with special references to schistosomiasis. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 130-143.

21. Zakaria A. El-Khayat, Shadia A. Fathy, Azza A. Atef, Safinaz E. El-Toukhy, Marwa A. El-Shaer, Heba K. Nabih
Telomere length and drug resistance related proteins expressed in astrocytoma

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.21

Abstract: The evaluation and design of therapeutic modalities aimed at preventing malignant progression of astrocytomas should now be based on stratifying patients with astrocytic tumors according to their expression of cellular protein diagnosis. This work aims to analyze telomere length in different astrocytoma grades to provide evidence for the evolutionary hypothesis of telomere length that might be applied as a prognostic marker. This prospective study included a total number of 40 astrocytic brain tumors recruited from the Oncology Unit- Kasr Al-Aini Hospital-Cairo University. P-glycoprotein (PgP) activity and tumor suppressor gene (p53) were assessed using immunohistochemistry; survivin protein was measured quantitatively by ELISA, as well as relative telomere length was evaluated by flow cytometric analysis. Relative telomere length was altered in 87.5% of the examined tumors. However, the detection rates were widely different for different histopathological entities. All pilocytic tumors showed a reduction of telomere length. Diffuse astrocytoma exhibited 50% reduction and 50% were compatible to normal brain. Anaplastic astrocytoma were 83.3% reduced and 16.7% showed telomere length elongation. Among glioblastoma multiforme, 90% had significant reduction in telomere length. Telomere reduction is one of the important genetic events during transformation of astrocytomas. The number of Pgp-positive tumors increased with the grade of anaplasia. The protein expression was obvious 37.5%, 33.3%, 66.7% & 90% tumor blocks of grades I, II, III and IV respectively. The nuclear immunostaining for P53 was positive in 70% (28/40) and negative in 30% (12/40). P53 immunostaining was positive in 4 GII, 5 GIII and 19 GIV tumors. The percentage of expression difference was statistically significant P<0.05. The expression of survivin in non-GBM (G I, II and III) was not- detectable in 60% cases and detectable in 40% cases. Of GBM (GIV), 70% cases were detectable for survivin and 30% cases were not detectable for survivin. There were strong positive correlations between Pgp & survivin (r= 0.453), P53 & survivin (r= 0.538) and P53 & pgp (r= 0.695).

Keywords: telomere length - astrocytoma – P53 – P-glycoptorein – survivin.

Pages: 144-151

Cite this article:

Zakaria A. El-Khayat, Shadia A. Fathy, Azza A. Atef, Safinaz E. El-Toukhy, Marwa A. El-Shaer, Heba K. Nabih. Telomere length and drug resistance related proteins expressed in astrocytoma. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 144-151.

22. Hazim A. Farhan, Reyadh S. Naoum, Emad F. Islim
Intrusion detection model inspired by immune using K-means and Naive Bayes as a hybrid learning approach

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.22

Abstract: Intrusions in computer networks can be compared to human diseases with the difference that human body has an effective mechanism to deal with them. Human immune system (HIS) can detect and defend against unseen intruders. Also, it is distributed and adaptive. Human immune system is the most powerful defense system which may be helpful to apply its mechanism and properties in computer security field. This paper presents a model for intrusion detection system (IDS) that consists of four components depending on innate/adaptive human immune system approaches and self/non-self theory of human immune system. The proposed model is divided into two subsystems; the first one is attack response system which is similar to innate human immune system and the second is learning system which is similar to adaptive immune system. Learning system is the code of our model; it presents a hybrid approach of machine learning through hybridization between K-means clustering algorithm and Naive Bayes as a classifier. The model goals is keeping information systems environment safe against intrusions and attacks through applying human immune system mechanism and properties to intrusion detection system. Experimental results indicate that the proposed model provide a higher detection rate in both of DOS attacks and U2R attacks, which give the power to the proposed hybrid model and increase the security of information systems, especially in critical environments.

Keywords: Intrusion Detection System, Human Immune System, K-Means and Naive Bayes.

Pages: 152-157

Cite this article:

Hazim A. Farhan, Reyadh S. Naoum, Emad F. Islim. Intrusion detection model inspired by immune using K-means and Naive Bayes as a hybrid learning approach. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 152-157.

23. Zharasbek D. Baishemirov, Bakhbergen E. Bekbauov, Aidarkhan Kaltayev
A numerical study of methods to prevent bottom water from coning

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.23

Abstract: This paper presents a three-dimensional thermal mathematical model for two-phase immiscible flow in porous media that can be used as a practical tool for the simulation study for analysis of adjacent to wells flow phenomena controlling productivity. Based on the model, the corresponding near wellbore 3D numerical model is developed subsequently, which can be used for conducting: analysis of time dependent development and dynamics of the water-oil interface around the well producing from a bottom-water reservoir; analysis of water shut-off effects at petroleum wells. The specialized simulation tool for analyzing near-well flow has been applied to simulate the effects of well completion (single or dual – with the bottom water drainage) and impermeable barrier injected around the well bore on water coning. Model was applied for simulating primary production tests with and without artificial impermeable barrier, the effect of dual completion technology on water coning performance, gel treatment for in-situ permeability modification, posttreatment production forecasts and some combination of above processes (methods). The reliability of the results was verified against existing experimental and numerical results in the literature under simplified conditions, i.e. homogeneous formation, negligible thermal effects. This paper also presents a mechanistic study of gel injection process, the effect of polymer injection, and disproportionate permeability reduction (DPR) on two-phase flow. We suggest a generalized version of the LET correlation for relative permeability approximation which takes into account gel – reservoir fluid transition zone. We also suggest using a new formula for approximation of J-Leverett function.

Keywords: Two-phase flow, polymer injection, gel, barrier, porous media.

Pages: 158-171

Cite this article:

Zharasbek D. Baishemirov, Bakhbergen E. Bekbauov, A. Kaltayev. A numerical study of methods to prevent bottom water from coning. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 158-171.

24. C.E. Emeka, O.R. Okonkwo, O.E. Osuagwu
Building a computer model for crime trend prediction in Nigeria

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.24

Abstract: Security of life and property ought to be the right of citizens who have entrusted their future to governments at Federal, State and Local levels. Therefore, every government struggles to eliminate or at least effectively control crime rate. Government must be able to anticipate future crime trend, crime volume and demography of criminals so that it can effectively plan how to deploy scare resources to tackle these challenges. When too little resources are allocated to crime control and prevention, criminality rises with its attendant toll on society, but when too much or excessive resources are allocated to crime control, wastage occurs and other vital sectors are deprived of needed resources. Government therefore needs a tool to predict future crime trend. In this work, a model that uses Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) to predict crime trend was developed and available Police data was used to simulate crime trend for the next 50 years. There was a strong positive correlation between the model output and the Police dataset. The correlation coefficients were: Offences against persons = 0.73, Offences against property = 0.69 and Offences against lawful authority = 0.79. The model predicted that crime rate will oscillate between 44454 to 46515 for offences against persons; 72610 to 98786 for offences against property and 7914 to 8441 for offences against lawful authority within the next 50 years. The developed model is recommended for use by government to anticipate future crime trend. This will ensure that adequate resources are allocated for crime prevention and control.

Keywords: crime, trend, prediction, forecast, Nigeria Police Force, government, model, artificial neural network, multi layer perceptron.

Pages: 172-181

Cite this article:

C.E. Emeka, O.R. Okonkwo, O.E. Osuagwu. Building a computer model for crime trend prediction in Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 172-181.

25. O.C.N. Ndukwe, C.E. Uchendu
Shrinking core model applied to the bioleaching of iron from silica sand

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.25

Abstract: The shrinking core model has been applied to the bioleaching of iron from silica sand using Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum and a consortium of the two fungi. The experimental data (the fractions of iron leached out) were correlated with ash diffusion controlled and chemical reaction controlled shrinking core model equations. Ash diffusion gave good prediction for each organism at the later stage of bioleaching (day 15 to day 30). The R² (regression coefficient) values with ash diffusion are better than with chemical reaction control for each organism: Aspergillus niger 0.9736 and 0.9447; Penicillium notatum 0.9718 and 0.9463, consortium 0.9649 and 0.9648. The reaction rate constants have been calculated. Though ash diffusion control is better than chemical reaction controlled shrinking core model, it does not explain fully the kinetics of bioleaching of iron from silica sand.

Keywords: Fungi; Aspergillus niger; Penicillium notatum; Bioleaching; Iron; Silica sand; Shrinking core; Ash diffusion; Chemical reaction.

Pages: 182-187

Cite this article:

O.C.N. Ndukwe, C.E. Uchendu. Shrinking core model applied to the bioleaching of iron from silica sand. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 182-187.

26. Azza Sh. Turky, Wedad S. Morsy, Nemat M. Awad, Zeinab M. El Fakharany
Microbial community in rural shallow groundwater affected by surface contaminated soil

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.26

Abstract: Groundwater in Egypt is of a vital importance since most of rural populations rely almost exclusively on untreated groundwater as a source of drinking water and other domestic purposes. The contamination of drinking groundwater wells is a common problem in many rural areas, some of this contamination may be related to manure spreading, irrigation water, housing of livestock and on-site septic tank systems. This study aims to evaluate the microbial community of rural groundwater as affect by surface contaminated soil. The results revealed that the quality of the shallow ground water is affected by pollutants of the surface soil that exposed to pollution from different sources such as septic tanks sewage water used in irrigation. The relation between the microorganisms of surface soil and those of shallow ground water followed different relations such as follow. The relation between the total bacterial count that determined at 27ºC in the surface soil and that determined in the shallow ground water followed an exponential trend with an equation of Y = 214.37 e^0.4391X and the regression coefficient R² equaled to 0.9422. The relation between the total bacterial count that determined at 35º C in the surface soil and that determined in the shallow ground water followed power trend with an equation of Y = 164.59 X^1.7738. The regression coefficient R² equaled 0.9013 which means that there was strong relation between the total count of bacteria in soil and that of shallow ground water. The relation between total coliform of the surface soil and that of the shallow ground water followed an exponential trend with equation Y = 111.34 e^0.4722X. The value of the regression coefficient revealed that the relation was strongly significant because the value of R² was 0.9365. The relation between the fecal coli form of the surface soil and that of the shallow ground water followed power trend with an equation of Y = 2.6547 X^1.724. There was a strong relation between them with R² equaled to 0.9793. The relation between the fecal Strepto cocci of the surface soil and that of the shallow ground water followed linear trend with an equation of Y = 1.4606 X – 2.7333. There was a strong relation between them where the value of R² was 0.9088. The relation between Aeromonas hydrophila of the surface soil and that of the shallow ground water in the studied locations followed polynomial trend with an equation of Y = 18.667 X² – 101.55 X + 107.71 where the R² equaled 0.9433. The relation between the Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the surface soil and that of the shallow ground water followed linear curve with an equation of Y=2.4 x- 4.4444, where R² equaled to 0.8635.

Keywords: Groundwater in Egypt, microbial community in rural.

Pages: 188-198

Cite this article:

Azza Sh. Turky, Wedad S. Morsy, Nemat M. Awad, Zeinab M. El Fakharany. Microbial community in rural shallow groundwater affected by surface contaminated soil. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 188-198.

27. Mohd Nazri Ismail
Development of e-learning system embedded with V2oIP technology

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.27

Abstract: This paper presents the development of e-learning system that has supported a real-time video and voice conferencing over IP in campus environment using wired technology. Development of e-learning system embedded with V2oIP technology is able contribute a significant value to distance learning system. The beneficial that can gain by Universities from this implementation of e-learning application embedded with V2oIP (real time basis) features are: i) able to manage industrial student training via remote; ii) postgraduate supervision; iii) able to reduce operational cost; and iv) manage to conduct research activities via remote. This study will show the process of the development of e-learning system embedded with V2oIP technology. Based on the results, this study is successfully to develop e-learning system embedded with V2oIP technology into distance learning system.

Keywords: Delay, jitter, voice over IP, e-learning, videoconferencing, RAM, CPU.

Pages: 199-205

Cite this article:

M.N. Ismail. Development of e-learning system embedded with V2oIP technology. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 199-205.

28. Mohd Nazri Ismail
Best voip codecs selection for VoIP communication over internet service provider carriers network

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.28

Abstract: In this study, we propose to evaluate VoIP performance over Internet service provider (wireless and wired carriers) network. Today, the deployment of VoIP occurs in various platform for example, VoIP over LAN, VoIP over WAN and VoIP over VPN. Therefore, this study is to define which VoIP codec selection can provide better VoIP performance over ISPs wireless and wired network. We use softphone as our medium communication between two parties to evaluate the VoIP performance over WAN. The results show that VoIP over wireless WAN can degrade performance compare to VoIP over wired but using the appropriate codecs selection able to increase VoIP performance over wireless WAN. In our experiment, it shows that GSM is the best codec selection to improve and provide better VoIP quality during conversation over wireless carrier network. While, G.711 and G.726 is the best codec selection to provide better VoIP quality over wired carrier network.

Keywords: GSM, VoIP, Wireless, WAN, G.711.

Pages: 206-212

Cite this article:

M. N. Ismail. Best voip codecs selection for VoIP communication over internet service provider carriers network. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 206-212.

29. Namiq Isayev
On the development of models for assessing of oil produstion activities

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.29

Abstract: In article were cited an instance development of the branches to applied economic model, estimation it to fitness and its introduction. To method of the development of the economic models oil an qas branches of Oil Industry of Azerbaijan Republic.

Keywords: economy of oil industry, economic efficiency problems.

Pages: 213-215

Cite this article:

N. Isayev. On the development of models for assessing of oil produstion activities. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 213-215.

30. Mahzad Esmaeili-Falak, Masoud Hajialilue-Bonab
Numerical studying the effects of gradient degree on slope stability analysis using limit equilibrium and finite element methods

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/A.30

Abstract: Limit equilibrium and finite elements methods are among the most popular methods of slope analysis. Using software such as Geostudio-slope/W and PLAXIS, these two analysis methods have widely become common among Geotechnical engineers. One of the most important challenges of these software users in Geotechnical engineering is the presence of differences in results from estimation and evaluation of a project regarding the different modeling ways. In this research results from modeling in FLAC and PLAXIS software were compared with results from studying Bishop and Janbu methods in Geostudio-Slope/W software. Results from the present research show that compared to limit equilibrium method, finite elements method, gives less safety factors against increase in slope gradient. Also, in regard with these results it is seen that together with increase in underground water level, this difference will considerably be more in slope.

Keywords: limit equilibrium, finite elements, slope stability, safety factors, failure surface.

Pages: 216-222

Cite this article:

M. Esmaeili-Falak, M. Hajialilue-Bonab. Numerical studying the effects of gradient degree on slope stability analysis using limit equilibrium and finite element methods. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2012; 4(4), 216-222.

PART B. HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

1. Abedalbasit Mobarak Abedalahfiz
The perspective of headmistresses of AL- Madinah Al-Munawarah schools for girls toward physical education course for comprehensive health

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/B.1

Abstract: This study aims to recognize the perspectives of female schools principals at AL-Madinah Al-Munwarah area about adding physical education course for female students in order to get the comprehensive health and avoiding the hypo kinetic diseases. Also, this study will examine the differences in the principals' point views according to: experience, scientific degree, learning stage, school volume, and place of the school. The researcher will design a questionnaire to measure the principals' perspectives; researcher will operate the validity and stability to the study tool. Researcher will use the descriptive statistical package (SPSS) including means, standard deviations, percentages, and ANOVA. Results of this study, hopefully, will change the education policy regarding the PE class at female schools in Saudi Arabia.

Keywords: AL- Madinah Al-Munawarah Schools for Girls, Headmistresses, Comprehensive Health

Pages: 5-19

Cite this article:

Abedalbasit M. Abedalahfiz. The perspective of headmistresses of AL- Madinah Al-Munawarah schools for girls toward physical education course for comprehensive health. International Journal of Academic Research Part B; 2012; 4(4), 5-19.

2. Hilma Tamiami Fachrudin, Kausar Hj. Ali
Diversity in urban design physical elements case study: Kesawan street, Medan, Indonesia

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/B.2

Abstract: Urban design can be achieved through proper planning and application of urban design principles. Urban desigin has a several principles such as diversity, scale, sense, connection, comfortability, visual appropriateness, etc. Diversity is important because it can make an urban area more livable and enhance urban living experience. This principle have three part there are function, activity and form. This paper will study the application of diversity principle in Kesawan street, Medan city, Indonesia. Kesawan street is one of main street in Medan city and has a historical buildings. Lynch’s (1960) methods of physical analysis of urban element will be employed here, there are; path, edge, district, node and landmark. it is found that Kesawan street is more diversited in terms of activity and form. Diversity in activity usually enhance the urban living experience and offer more things to do in the city. Form, in the other hand, provides visual experience which is pleasurable and exciting.

Keywords: Urban design, physical element, diversity

Pages: 20-25

Cite this article:

H.T. Fachrudin, Kausar Hj. Ali. Diversity in urban design physical elements case study: Kesawan street, Medan, Indonesia. International Journal of Academic Research Part B; 2012; 4(4), 20-25.

3. Ghada Abu Shosha, Mahmoud Al Kalaldeh
A critical analysis of using roy’s adaptation model in nursing research

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/B.3

Abstract: Roy's Adaptation Model (RAM) is one of the most common frameworks used in different nursing aspects. The application of RAM is vary from design to another based on the anticipated goals and the nature of adaptation level required for monitoring. Aim: This paper aims to critically analyze ten recent studies that use RAM as a conceptual framework to identify the effectiveness of this model to guide nursing practice and research. Method: ten published studies were selected randomly to show different application form of RAM in nursing studies. Results: The four adaptive modes of RAM, the three environmental stimuli and the regulator and cognator subsystem of coping process have been utilized appropriately in most of the reviewed studies. Eight studies have completely supported RAM as an effective framework. Of all studies, RAM has played a significant role in managing research direction and facilitating the adaptation level of participants. The significance of RAM was more in nursing studies which entirely focus on individuals' adaptation secondary to certain therapeutic protocol such as adaptation required to changes associated with treatment of cancer. Conclusion: RAM is an applicable, flexible and useful model can be used in different aspects of nursing research in a consistent manner. Researchers could effectively use different concepts of RAM to guide their work.. RAM has shown a robust theoretical and conceptual framework especially in studies concern with the consequences of some medical treatment.

Keywords: Roy's Adaptation Model, Nursing, Stress

Pages: 26-31

Cite this article:

G.A. Shosha, M. Al Kalaldeh. A critical analysis of using roy’s adaptation model in nursing research. International Journal of Academic Research Part B; 2012; 4(4), 26-31.

4. Nima Shakouri Masouleh, Razieh Bahraminezhad Jooneghani
Classroom Interaction: Betting a Utopia!

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/B.4

Abstract: Recent research in applied linguistics has emphasized the significance of the pupils’ and teachers’ educational beliefs and assumptions for their classroom conduct and ways of relating to each other. What is undisputable is a shift on a teacher’s role from a disseminator to a facilitator and on that of a student from a passive receiver to an active problem solver. In effect, letting students talk from their vantage points is a fruit of a shift resulted from John Dewey's pragmatist philosophy, which according to Flanagan (1994) stresses the priority of experience over theory. The following paper was an attempt to elucidate the concept of paradigm shift from philosophical perspectives. The writers held that by examining this shift and looking for connections between various changes in our field, these changes can be better understood. Most importantly, by attempting to implement change in a holistic way, the chances of success greatly increase.

Keywords: paradigm shift, dualism, relativism

Pages: 32-37

Cite this article:

N. S. Masouleh, Razieh B. Jooneghani. Classroom Interaction: Betting a Utopia!. International Journal of Academic Research Part B; 2012; 4(4), 32-36.

5. Ling Meng Chan, Othman Jamilah, Joned Rusinah
Gender differences of human resources practitioners in their ethical decision making

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/B.5

Abstract: This study attempted to study the influences of gender differences in ethical decision making among the human resources practitioners who work in hotel industry. From the analysis of the result, it indicates that most HR practitioners possess high level of ethical decision making, especially female compared with their male counterparts, except male score relatively higher than female in the ethical intention. Besides that, through the study, the data showed that there is a significance differences between male and female respondents in their ethical decision making, where female able to react significantly ethically than male respondents. Furthermore, female respondents tended to judged, more sensitive, have higher motivation and tended to react more ethically compare with their male counterparts. Through the study, it strongly indicates that a potential gender differences in ethical decision making has significant impact towards the daily operation in hotel industry. Female practitioners tended to be more sensitive and more concerned on the process of ethical decision making, compare to their male counterparts who concerned on the results of their decision when there was an ethical dilemma raised.

Keywords: Ethical decision making, gender differences

Pages: 37-43

Cite this article:

L.M. Chan, O. Jamilah, J. Rusinah. Gender differences of human resources practitioners in their ethical decision making. International Journal of Academic Research Part B; 2012; 4(4), 38-44.

6. Mahmoud Taher Al kalaldeh, Ghada Mohammad Abu Shosha
The application of perceived stress scale in health studies. An analysis of literature

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/B.6

Abstract: Stress is a common health-related concept suffered by every person. Measuring stress is a critical issue in social science. The Perceived Stress Scale is a mainstay among tools assessing the perceived stress. Aim: this paper aimed to analyze studies that applied the Perceived Stress Scale for measuring stress associated with other health-related variables. Method: Computer-based searching was conducted in different databases; CINAHL, PubMed Central, and EBESCO between the years 2000 and 2010. Results: Sixteen studies were selected from 56 initial retrieved studies according to the inclusion criteria. The Perceived Stress Scale was used as a primary psychological instrument for measuring the perception of stress. The scale was applicable in the majority of community-based studies, considering that the measured stress was influenced by different cultural, educational, and environmental domains. The application of this scale was apparent in studies concerned with school age students, women and adolescents' health, and other health disorders. This scale explored the dynamic process of developing stress in other health and social related issues in which the scale unveiled the relationship between psycho-social dilemmas and such risk for having stress as perceived by the individuals themselves. Conclusion: the Perceived Stress Scale is a useful measure used to assess the perception of stress. Different studies examined the psychometric properties of that scale so it can be used in various psychosocial research purposes. In addition, it was appeared that the relationships between stress and other health-related issues can easily be detected by utilizing this scale.

Keywords: Perceived Stress Scale, Stress, Health, Measurement

Pages: 45-50

Cite this article:

M.T. Al kalaldeh, G.M. Abu Shosha. The application of perceived stress scale in health studies. An analysis of literature. International Journal of Academic Research Part B; 2012; 4(4), 45-50.

7. Aliyu Yero, Jamilah Othman, Bahaman Abu Samah, Jeffrey Lawrence D’Silva, Abdul Hadi Sulaiman
Re-visiting concept and theories of community policing

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/B.7

Abstract: The challenges of conceptualization have remained ever persistent especially in the social sciences where different people are bound to conceive concepts differently. A closer look at the implementation efforts on community policing brings this to glare the differences in understanding of what it constitutes. This may not be a minus because societal needs and priorities are not the same, nevertheless, it is pertinent not to forget the true concept of community policing and its theoretical base. The main objective of this paper is to re-visit the concept and theory of community policing so that as implementation efforts are ongoing a certain trend of uniformity can be sustained. Basically, this paper utilized existing literatures on the concept and theory of community policing in seeking and understanding about community policing. The paper identified differences in definition among scholars and also certain principles which are found in almost all models of implementation over time across borders, in which considerable progress have been achieved by adopting them and if followed will offer a coherent approach towards successful community policing. In conclusion, the paper observed that if really community policing is to be advanced, then a proper understanding of what it constitutes in principle most be comprehended by the police, citizens and leadership in general.

Keywords: Community policing, society, development, cooperation

Pages: 51-55

Cite this article:

A. Yero, J. Othman, B.A. Samah, J.L. D’Silva, A.H. Sulaiman. Re-visiting concept and theories of community policing. International Journal of Academic Research Part B; 2012; 4(4), 51-55.

8. Kabeer Abdullahi Mohammed, Jamilah Othman, Jeffrey Lawrence D'Silva
The influence of leadership styles on organizational commitment: a study of public university lecturers in Nigeria

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/B.8

Abstract: This study set to investigate the influence of leadership styles on organizational commitment among public university lecturers in Nigeria. The study sought to establish whether leadership style exhibited by top management in public universities in Nigeria is a predictor of organizational commitment among the lecturers. The study was guided by transformational leadership theory. The study used survey design to collect data from one hundred and fifty one (151) Nigerian public university lecturers currently undergoing post-graduate studies in Malaysian universities. The research utilized Simple random sampling techniques; in which the populations of the study were given equal chance of being selected. The selection of sample size was based on formula by Krejcie and Morgan (1970). Data was collected using questionnaire that required respondent to rate their level of organizational commitment as well as their “supervisors” leadership styles using five point scale likert type. The result of correlation analysis revealed that leadership styles is correlated with organizational commitment at .01 level of significance, also the result of multiple linear regression indicated that idealized influence (attributed) one of the independent variable under transformational leadership styles was found to be the best predictor variable with a standardized beta coefficient .262. Public universities in Nigeria need transformational leaders to be able to achieve their mission, goals and objectives.

Keywords: Nigeria, leadership styles, vision 20:2020, public universities, organizational commitment

Pages: 56-61

Cite this article:

Jeffrey Lawrence D’Silva. The influence of leadership styles on organizational commitment: a study of public university lecturers in Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research Part B; 2012; 4(4), 56-61.

9. Cai Yinyin, Linjie Chou, Donald Templer
Trust and r-K life history adaptation

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/B.9

Abstract: In this paper, the relationship between human fertility and trust is investigated. The concept of r-K life history – the traits in organisms that trade-off between the quantity and quality of offspring – is integrated with the quadratic population growth model. The results show a negative correlation between the fertility rate and generalised trust.

Keywords: r-k life history, generalized trust, population studies, quadratic population growth, evolution

Pages: 62-67

Cite this article:

Cai Yinyin, Linjie Chou, Donald Templer. Trust and r-K life history adaptation. International Journal of Academic Research Part B; 2012; 4(4), 62-67.

10. Mirza Hassan Hosseini, Romina Farhadi Nahad
Investigating antecedents and consequences of Open University brand image

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/B.10

Abstract: The lack of research regarding Open University image measurement demonstrates that conceptualizing how students perceive and evaluate Open University brand is complex. The purpose of this study was to investigate antecedents and consequences of Open University brand image based on Keller’s customer-based brand equity framework to measure Open University brand image. In this study, an integrated model was presented. To test the research hypotheses, a self-administered questionnaire was utilized. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze data obtained from 400 postgraduate students at Payame Noor University in Iran. The results revealed the effect of Open University awareness and familiarity as the antecedents to create a positive Open University brand image. Furthermore, the results indicated the mediating effect of Open University brand image between its antecedents and consequences. Also, the findings showed the importance of student satisfaction and trust for creating a student’s commitment. Lastly, the study demonstrated the importance of student satisfaction, trust and commitment to establish a student’s loyalty. Consequently, practical implications regarding the creation of positive Open University brand image were discussed.

Keywords: awareness; familiarity; image; loyalty; students; higher education

Pages: 68-77

Cite this article:

M.H. Hosseini, R. Farhadi Nahad. Investigating antecedents and consequences of open university brand image. International Journal of Academic Research Part B; 2012; 4(4), 68-77.

11. Ahmet Hakan Hancer
Reasons of academic failure in Turkish and Polish 6^th grade primary school students

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/B.11

Abstract: This study aims to determine the reasons behind academic failure of 6^th grade Turkish and Polish primary school students and to compare the results according to genders. 125 students from Turkey and 111 from Poland, in total 236 6^th grade primary school students have taken part in this study conducted in 2011- 2012 academic year. Failure questionnaires have been used to detect the reasons behind students’ academic failures. The data gathered through these questionnaires have been analyzed using t-test and interpreted through the use of tables. According to the results, it was determined that the reasons behind academic failure differed between Turkish and Polish students and also between genders.

Keywords: academic failure; sex; primary education

Pages: 78-82

Cite this article:

Ahmet Hakan Hancer. Reasons of academic failure in Turkish and Polish 6^th grade primary school students. International Journal of Academic Research Part B; 2012; 4(4), 78-82.

12. Javid A. Jafarov
Azerbaijani libraries in the digital age: future prospects and concerns

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/B.12

Abstract: Some conceptual issues to develop the Azerbaijani libraries and improving access to new services in Azerbaijan libraries are described in the article. The necessity of introducing new technologies such as RFID, nanotechnologies, electronic ILL, GPS-alarm system, Internet 2, Semantic Web in libraries is described.

Keywords: Azerbaijani libraries, robotic achievement, RFID, electronic ILL, electronic fund.

Pages: 83-85

Cite this article:

Javid A. Jafarov. Azerbaijani libraries in the digital age: future prospects and concerns. International Journal of Academic Research Part B; 2012; 4(4), 83-85.

13. Marzieh Sharifi Haratmeh
Involvement load and task type in task effectiveness: two aspects of vocabulary knowledge

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/B.13

Abstract: The present study used a pedagogical approach to investigate the relative effectiveness of tasks with different involvement loads on both receptive and productive vocabulary knowledge of learners. The two examined aspects of vocabulary knowledge were meaning and grammatical functions. Furthermore, the study investigated the way that the construct of involvement load is related to the Input Hypothesis (Krashen, 1985) and the Output Hypothesis (Swain, 1996) to see whether the involvement load or input/output-orientation of tasks is the determining factor in task effectiveness. The participants were 127 Iranian university students from four General English classes at Islamic Azad University, who were assigned to four instructional groups. The results of the study provided supporting evidence for the inclusion of word-focused tasks in General English courses. Furthermore, contrary to the predictions of the Involvement Load Hypothesis (Laufer & Hulstijn, 2001), the results of the study indicated that involvement load is not the only determining factor in task effectiveness, but input/output-orientation of tasks is also a decisive parameter in task effectiveness. While Laufer and Hulstijn’s proposal is a valuable first step towards building a theory of vocabulary learning, the results of the study indicated that involvement index may well not function independently of the task type, i.e., input or output orientation of a word-focused task.

Keywords: EFL, Involvement load, Input-oriented tasks, Output-oriented tasks, Vocabulary learning, and Word-focused tasks.

Pages: 86-95

Cite this article:

Marzieh Sharifi Haratmeh. Involvement load and task type in task effectiveness: two aspects of vocabulary knowledge. International Journal of Academic Research Part B; 2012; 4(4), 86-95.

14. Mahdieh Sadeghzadeh
Woman & history of compliance

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/B.14

Abstract: This paper is a research about psychological traumas of women with the title of "Woman and History of Compliance according to psychoanalysis theory of Karen Horney with the aim of identifying the historical and social factors effective on personality and unconscious psyche of women. We have tried to find answers to two questions in this study. The first question is that: what was or has been obtained by women through dependence on men? In fact, we wanted to know what kind of woman was born from the nurturing selected for women by men. The second question is that: Did the men like the principles selected by them in their minds for nurturing of women? The result obtained from the answer to the first question was that: what the women obtained from woman-nurturing of men was dependence, which brought them the sense of incompetence and insignificance, gave them a parasitic personality and developed a feeling of hating from their supporters in their hearts. Regarding the answer to the second question: the men had depreciated the characteristics of women and have therefore lost the attachment of their wives guilelessly flown towards them and find themselves alone and stranger at home.

Keywords: Woman, Psychology, Personality, Karen Horney.

Pages: 96-101

Cite this article:

M. Sadeghzadeh. Woman & history of compliance. International Journal of Academic Research Part B; 2012; 4(4), 96-101.

15. Achmad Sani, Vivin Maharani
The impacts of transformational leadership and organizational commitment on job performance with the among lecturers of faculty in the Islamic Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang University: the mediating effects of organizational citizenship behavior

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/B.15

Abstract: Little empirical research has looked at causal relationships between transformational leadership, organizational commitment and OCB of lecturers. Eventhough some theories explain the antecedents of employee’s performance, there are still limited number of empirical studies related to that variable which tests the corelation of transformational leadership and the commitment to OCB of lecturers’. The purpose of this article is to examine leadership sytle (transformational), organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) as antecedents of lecturer’s performance. The population of the research were 333 lecturers of UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Malang, East Java of Indonesia. Data were collected through four questionnaires. This research used the statistical methods of multivariate regression and path analysis for data analysis. The findings denoted that the variables of transformational leadership and organizational commitment had a positive effect on the lecturers’ job performance. Organizational commitment had direct and positive effect on the organizational citizenship behavior. While organizational citizenship behavior automatically predicted the lecturers’ job performance. Hence, Transformational leadership had a direct and positive effect on the lecturer’s job performance.

Keywords: Transformational leadership, commitment, OCB, performance, lecturer.

Pages: 102-106

Cite this article:

Achmad Sani, Vivin Maharani. The impacts of transformational leadership and organizational commitment on job performance with the among lecturers of faculty in the Islamic Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang University: the mediating effects of organizational citizenship behavior. International Journal of Academic Research Part B; 2012; 4(4), 102-106.

16. Siavash Omidinia, Maslin Masrom, Harihoddin Selamat
Adopting ICT for interactive learning: smart school case in Malaysia

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/B.16

Abstract: Computer assisted learning in educational institutions is one of the priority areas aimed to help students to adopt Information Communication Technologies. Using ICT’s for interactive learning require ICT infrastructure including updated software’s, multimedia systems and courseware’s, computer laboratories and literate staff. In current information age, systematically reinvented smart schools are considered channel for improved teacher learning practices as well as promoting awareness about multimedia technologies among students. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the computer assisted learning among smart school teachers as well as students. Data was collected from ‘Selangor’ state of Malaysia using case study approach. Data was collected from 14 smart schools using random sampling technique. Results indicated that use of ICT and multimedia technologies are successful contributors towards smart schooling success. Most of the teachers prefer to use multimedia technologies for improved computer assisted education and interactive learning. Students believe that use of ICT’s and multimedia technologies in school improved their interest toward usage of computer and internet. Though few teachers have personal web pages but most of the schools have internet, computer laboratories and prefer internet based assignments. It is suggested that for improved computer assisted education, schools were provided with updated software’s, computers and knowledge. Ministry of ICT have to allocate a portion in financial budget to continue computer based learning in smart schools. There is need to improve number of listed smart schools in country to get benefit from information era.

Keywords: Computer Assisted Education, Interactive learning, smart schools, ICT infrastructure, Multimedia technologies.

Pages: 107-115

Cite this article:

S. Omidinia, M. Masrom, H. Selamat. Adopting ICT for interactive learning: smart school case in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research Part B; 2012; 4(4), 107-115.

17. Mohd Shamsul Mohd Shoid, Norliya Ahmad Kassim, Mohd Idzwan Mohd Salleh
Identifying the determinants of organizational learning capabilities (OLC)

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/B.17

Abstract: Although there were numerous researches in the field of organizational learning, there was a lack of empirical studies that explored organizational learning capabilities (OLC) and knowledge performance in academic libraries. This paper attempts to examine the perceptions of librarians on OLC and knowledge performance and the relationships among OLC dimensions. A research survey method using questionnaires was distributed to fifty librarians at one Malaysian public university library. Almost three-quarter (72%) of the questionnaires were returned and usable for analysis. From the findings, the OLC dimension on employees’ skills and competencies was ranked as the highest (mean=5.76) indicating that it was the most preferred response as perceived by the respondents. A strong relationship also existed between employees’ skills and competencies and transfer of knowledge. The findings were important to the librarians and the libraries for enhancing the skills of acquiring knowledge and learning capabilities for better knowledge performance. The outcome of the study is expected to assist the academic library and interested researchers to provide effective baseline information in constructing a robust model for similar studies. This research was useful not only to the libraries but also to the organizations that use acquired knowledge and learning skills as their performance measurements.

Keywords: employees’ skills and competencies, knowledge transfer, measurement, knowledge performance.

Pages: 116-120

Cite this article:

Mohd S.M. Shoid, Norliya A. Kassim, Mohd I.M. Salleh. Identifying the determinants of organizational learning capabilities (OLC). International Journal of Academic Research Part B; 2012; 4(4), 116-120.

18. Deniz Ayşe Yazıcıoğlu, Selin Üst
Suggestions as to increasing reliability levels of bathroom remodeling cost-estimating software

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/B.178

Abstract: Before starting out on design work on a bathroom, which is one of the most high-cost spaces in home interior design, it is of the greatest importance in terms of ensuring that a designer makes the right decisions, that a budget is first determined. Because a project that is designed without regard for budget considerations will be impossible to realize if costs are so high that the project-owner cannot afford to implement it. In such circumstances, either the project must be forfeited or revisions must be made to reduce costs. This is an extremely tiring process for the designer, one that translates into a waste of time and labor. For this reason, in the preliminary stage of design, it is imperative that bathroom remodeling costs are accurately estimated and that the budget is determined accordingly, with the approval of the property owner being obtained. The literature and practical implementation sources were reviewed to determine whether there are any methods used in estimating bathroom remodeling costs in the preliminary stage of design for the above-mentioned purpose. The results of the research revealed that there is information available on the parameters affecting bathroom remodeling costs but that there is no method of cost estimation that can be used to describe the mathematical relation between these parameters and total cost. It was observed that practical implementation sources reveal the existence of software that is used in the estimation of bathroom remodeling costs but that this software has a margin of error of +/-10%, therefore presenting an inadequate level of reliability. In the light of the results of the research, the purpose of the study was to set forth suggestions as to how reliability levels of bathroom remodeling cost-estimating software can be increased in the preliminary stage of design. In line with such purpose defined, the first step in the methodology of the study was to investigate the factors that affect the accuracy of cost estimates in the preliminary stage of design. These factors were then taken as a basis for evaluating the software used in the estimation of bathroom remodeling costs. The last stage of the study, carried out on the basis of the mentioned evaluations, was to conceptualize suggestions directed at increasing the reliability of the software reviewed.

Keywords: interior design; bathroom remodeling cost; budget.

Pages: 121-126

Cite this article:

D.A. Yazıcıoğlu, S. Üst. Suggestions as to increasing reliability levels of bathroom remodeling cost-estimating software. International Journal of Academic Research Part B; 2012; 4(4), 121-126.

19. Najib Ismail Jarad
The origin and development of expletive fii in Syrian Arabic

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/B.19

Abstract: This paper deals with the syntactic distribution and the development of fii in Syrian Arabic from basically a locative preposition into an expletive element. This development captures the widespread assumption that existential constructions are related to locative constructions. Existential constructions in Syrian Arabic have two unique properties: (i) The construction lacks a special copula in the present tense, and (ii) the expletive fii co-occurs with a locative phrase in the same construction. The development of fii from a locative preposition into an expletive occurs by the process of grammaticalization in which a word loses its lexical content and gains grammatical function instead. The grammaticalization of fii presents a very interesting case in which this preposition loses its semantic content but maintains its phonetic form. Crucially, one characteristic of grammaticalization is “a dramatic frequency increase”. This increase arises as a result of an increase in the number and types of contexts in which the grammatical morpheme is appropriate”. If this prediction is correct, the expletive fii is expected to be more frequent than the preposition fii from which it has developed. The data examined in this paper provides evidence that this prediction holds. The development of the expletive fii has not influenced the status of fii as a preposition: both the expletive and the preposition coexist; however, they are used in different contexts.

Keywords: Syrian Arabic, locative preposition, expletive, existential, grammaticalization.

Pages: 127-136

Cite this article:

Najib I. Jarad. The origin and development of expletive fii in Syrian Arabic. International Journal of Academic Research Part B; 2012; 4(4), 127-136.

20. Hamid Reza Hadjali, Meysam Salimi, Mehrdad Salehi
A study on organizational citizenship behaviors toward customer-orientation: a case of nursing home

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/B.20

Abstract: By entering the organizations into the service economy, the service quality is converted as a challengeable issue for management. Therefore, that the success of organizations in this economy definitely depends on having qualitative services and customer-oriented staffs. Recent researches have shown that one of the influential factors on service quality of organizations that creates the competitive advantage is citizenship behaviors in employees, especially employees who directly interact with customers. Regarding the importance of these, two factors (customer-orientation and organizational citizenship behavior), and the relationship between these variables is investigated in this paper based on survey in a nursing home in Tehran. The results of this research are demonstrating that the positive and significant relationship exists between the organizational citizenship behavior and customer-orientation. To evaluate these variables a questionnaire was designed and after ensuring the validity and reliability of measurement tools by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) distributed among 87 nurses as sample in a nursing home. This method of research was a survey-correlation model and significantly based on the structural equations.

Keywords: Service economy; Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB); Customer-orientation Introduction.

Pages: 137-144

Cite this article:

Hamid R. Hadjali, M. Salimi, M. Salehi. A study on organizational citizenship behaviors toward customer-orientation: a case of nursing home. International Journal of Academic Research Part B; 2012; 4(4), 137-144.

21. Sorin Briciu, Sorinel Căpuşneanu, Dan Topor
Developments on SWOT analysis for costing methods

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/B.21

Abstract: The article is based on extending the SWOT analysis concept to costing methods, by trying to capture the possibility of using it for widening the concentration and analysis of indicators included in the dashboard of entities operating in the Romanian porcelain industry. Starting from a SWOT analysis of management accounting and costing methods used by Romanian porcelain producing entities (Standard-Cost Accounting, Direct-Costing, ABC), the authors translate their advantages into a new analysis, called SWOT-CM. The article ends with the authors’ conclusions on the importance of SWOT-CM on management accounting and on decisions based on information provided by the strategic dashboard of entities operating in the Romanian porcelain industry.

Keywords: SWOT; costing; management accounting; competition; dashboard.

Pages: 145-153

Cite this article:

S. Briciu, S. Căpuşneanu, D. Topor. Developments on SWOT analysis for costing methods. International Journal of Academic Research Part B; 2012; 4(4), 145-153.

22. Loveday A. Nwanyanwu, Bariyima D. Kiabel
Withholding tax and corporate financial performance: evidence from the construction industry in Nigeria

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/B.22

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to identify the influence of withholding tax (WHT) on corporate financial performance from the perspective of construction companies quoted on the Nigerian Stock Exchange over the sample period of five years 2004-2008. Financial performance is measured in terms of cashflow and profit after tax. Data are collected from published financial statements. Analyses are performed using descriptive statistics, scatter diagrams and Pearson’s product moment coefficient of correlation. Findings indicate that withholding tax (an advance payment of company income tax) is significantly positively associated with cashflow and profit after tax. It is concluded that increases in cashflow of construction companies are accounted for by withholding tax deductions based on increase in invoiced job payments. It is recommended that excess withholding tax after claims are made against assessed company income tax should be refunded so that its application is not seen as a burden on cashflow.

Keywords: Withholding tax, corporate financial performance, construction industry, Federal Inland Revenue Service, State Board of Internal Revenue, Nigeria.

Pages: 154-162

Cite this article:

Loveday A. Nwanyanwu, Bariyima D. Kiabel. Withholding tax and corporate financial performance: evidence from the construction industry in Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research Part B; 2012; 4(4), 154-162.

23. Ufuk Karakuş, Gökce Kılıçoğlu
Level of understanding of eight-grade elementary students in Turkey with regard to geographical concepts

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/B.23

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to determine the levels of understanding of eight-grade elementary students in Turkey with regard to the geographical concepts included in the social studies curriculum. The study group consists of 192 students in total, who received education at eight-grade during the 2011-2012 school year at 3 elementary schools located in Çankaya, Keçiören and Mamak districts of Ankara province. A semi-structured conceptual scale made of 17 short-answer and open-ended questions, prepared by researchers for the purpose of determining the students’ levels of understanding and misconceptions with regard to the pre-determined concepts, has been utilized in the study. The Social Studies Curriculum for 4^th, 5^th, 6^th and 7^th grades has been used in determining the concepts related to the scale. 17 concepts related to the field of geography have been designated within the scope of the study. The mentioned concepts are “disaster, human environment, region, environment, environmental pollution, habitat, migration, weather condition, weather event, climate, population, urbanization, establishment, direction, tourism, map and geographical position”. The answers provided by students, regarding the aforementioned concepts, have been evaluated by using the content analysis method, on the basis of “understanding”, “limited understanding”, “not-understanding”, “misunderstanding” and “not-responding” categories. As a result of the analysis of the data acquired from the study, the students have been observed to have a limited level of understanding and significant misunderstandings with regard to the pre-determined concepts.

Keywords: Concept, Misconception, Geography Education, Social Studies Education.

Pages: 163-170

Cite this article:

U. Karakuş, G. Kılıçoğlu. Level of understanding of eight-grade elementary students in Turkey with regard to geographical concepts. International Journal of Academic Research Part B; 2012; 4(4), 163-170.

24. Cengiz Tavşan
An example of the traditional Eastern Black Sea Mansions: Tarakçioğlu Mansion - Rize-Turkey

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/B.24

Abstract: Samples of traditional house architecture are among the important architectural values functioning as a bridge between the past and future. The documentation, analysis, learning and transference to the future of these values have great importance in providing data for the new designs. Tarakçıoğlu Mansion regarded as the best representative of the mansions that are the samples of civil arhitecture in its surroundings is located in Konaklar neighbourhood (called as Makrevis village in the past), in Çamlıhemşin, Rize in Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey. It plays an important role in the formation of other mansions as well as being a representation with its historical identity. For this reason, in the first stage the general features of Eastern Black Sea traditional houses and Rize houses, and traditional houses of Çamlıhemşin, area of study, their architectural features, formation process and factors (material, socia-cultural pattern, economic condition, geography and so on) affecting the formation and their current conditions were mentioned. In the second stage, the location and history of Tarakçıoğlu Mansion was reflected, and typology of plan, materials, detail information and building deformation and changes occurring within the process were determined by getting measurement, . In the third stage, the restoration decisions of Tarakçıoğlu Mansion and suggestions were presented.

Keywords: Mansion, Measurement, Restoration, Traditional Eastern Black Sea Region Houses.

Pages: 171-190

Cite this article:

Cengiz Tavşan. An example of the traditional Eastern Black Sea Mansions: Tarakçioğlu Mansion - Rize-Turkey. International Journal of Academic Research Part B; 2012; 4(4), 171-190.